Review on Sects and Religions in History of Iraq
Keywords:
City, Century, Mix
Abstract
Every tribe in Iraq has (Sunnis ,Sheia , the Yazidis, Turkmen, Armen,…) in its ranks. Every town and city have a mix of communities. My experience of Iraq, and that of all friends and relatives, is that of an amazing mix of coexisting communities, despite successive divide-and-rule regimes. For many centuries Iraq has been able to allow a religious, cultural and ethnic diversity to exist. Marred and disfigured as it undoubtedly has been from time to time by savage sectarian outbursts it has managed to stand the test of time. And now in a matter of months it is being swept away probably forever in an unimaginably brutal way. This is not only a terrible tragedy for each of those involved it is an historic tragedy for the world as yet another part of the finely woven tapestry of human complexity and coexistence is ripped to shreds. It is easier and quicker by far to destroy, and to call for destruction, than it is to build.
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Committee on the Judiciary, Terroristic Activity: International terrorism; Lester A. Sobel, Political Terrorism; Lauran Paine, The Terrorists (1975).
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Hoffman (1998), p. 32, See review in The New York Times Inside Terrorism.
Jenny Teichman. (1989). How to Define Terrorism". Philosophy. 64 (250): 505–517. doi:10.1017/S0031819100044260. JSTOR 3751606.
Juergensmeyer, Mark (2000). Terror in the Mind of God. University of California Press. pp. 125–135.
Khaled, Leila (September 18, 1970). "This is Your New Captain Speaking". Life. p. 34. Retrieved February 14, 2019.
Khan, Ali (October 8, 2006). "A Theory of International Terrorism". Connecticut Law Review. 19: 945 – via Social Science Research Network.
Lakoff, George. (1993). The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor’, in ortony, Andrew (ed.) Metaphor and Thought (2nd edn), Cambridge: Cambridge university Press, pp. 202-251.
Laqueur, Walter. (1999). The New Terrorism: Fanaticism and the Arms of Mass Destruction, oxford: oxford university Press.
Lazar, Annita and Lazar, Michelle (2004) ‘The Discourse of the New World order: “out Casting” the Double Face of Threat’, Discourse & Society, 15(2–3), 223–242.
Mahon, James E. (1999). Getting your Sources Right. What Aristotle didn’t say, in Cameron, lynne and low Graham (eds.) Researching and Applying Metaphor, Cambridge: Cambridge university Press, pp. 69-80.
McCombs, Maxwell E. & Shaw, Donald L. (1972). The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media, The Public Opinion Quarterly, 36 (2), 176-187.
Miller, Joanne M. & Krosnick, Jon A. (2000). News Media impact on the ingredients of Presidential evaluations: Politically Knowledgeable Citizens Are Guided by a Trusted Source’, American Journal of Political Science, 44 (2), 301-315.
Milliken, Jennifer. (1999). The Study of Discourse in international Relations: A Critique of Research and Methods’, European Journal of International Relations, 5 (2), 225-254.
Mio, Jeffrey S. (1997). Metaphor and Politics’, Metaphor and Symbol, 12 (2), 113-133.
Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army Archived March 24, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Britannica Concise.
Muayad Baqer Mohammed Alfahham , Muayad B M. (2020). International Ambitions in Iraq (Petrol ,Triggered, other).
Muayad Baqer Mohammed Alfahham , Muayad B M. (2020). Review on Religious Extremism in Islamic History (Previously and Contemporary), Forefront Journal of Humanities & Social Science, 2(1), 9- 18 .
Muayad Baqer Mohammed Alfahham , Muayad B M. (2020). The Spread of Terrorism in Contemporary Islamic History with Comparison between Past and Present.
Nacos, Brigitte (2002) Mass-mediated Terrorism: The Central Role of the Media in Terrorism and Counterterrorism, lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Nacos, Brigitte. (2006). Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism: Understanding Threats and Responses in the Post-9/11 World, New york: Pearson, longman.
Norris, Pippa, Kern, Montague and Just, Marion (eds.). (2003). Framing Terrorism. The News Media, the Government and the Public, london: Routledge.
"Number of Terrorist Attacks, Fatalities". The Washington Post. June 12, 2009. Retrieved January 11, 2010. The nation's deadliest terrorist acts – attacks designed to achieve a political goal
Papacharissi, Zizi & de Fatima Oliveira, Maria. (2008). News Frames Terrorism: A Comparative Analysis of Frames employed in Terrorism Coverage in u.S. and u.K. Newspapers, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 13 (1), 52-74.
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Paul Reynolds; quoting David Hannay; Former UK ambassador (September 14, 2005). "UN staggers on road to reform". BBC News. Retrieved January 11, 2010. This would end the argument that one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter ...
Peter Steinfels (March 1, 2003). "Beliefs; The just-war tradition, its last-resort criterion and the debate on an invasion of Iraq". The New York Times. Retrieved January 11, 2010. For those like Professor Walzer who value the just-war tradition as a disciplined way to think about the morality of war ...
President Discusses Progress in War on Terrorism to National Guard White House web site 9 February 2006.
Rodin, David (2006). "Terrorism". In E. Craig (Ed.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. London: Routledge.
Ronald Reagan, speech to National Conservative Political Action Conference Archived 20 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine 8 March 1985. On the Spartacus Educational web site.
Ruthven, Malise; Nanji, Azim (April 24, 2017). Historical Atlas of Islam. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01385-8.
Radicalisation, De-Radicalisation, Counter-Radicalisation: A Conceptual Discussion and Literature Review. (2016). The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague (ICCT). March 27, 2013.
Rediehs, Laura J. (2002). ‘evil’, in J. Collins and R. Glover, Ross (eds.) Collateral Language. A Users Guide to America’s New War. New york: New york university Press, pp. 65–78.
Robert Mackey. (2009). Can Soldiers Be Victims of Terrorism?. The New York Times. Retrieved From January 11, 2010. Terrorism is the deliberate killing of innocent people, at random, in order to spread fear through a whole population and force the hand of its political leaders.
Sinclair, Samuel Justin; Antonius, Daniel. (2012). The Psychology of Terrorism Fears. Oxford University Press, US. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-19-538811-4.
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Published
2020-03-07
How to Cite
Alfahham, M. B. M. (2020). Review on Sects and Religions in History of Iraq. International Journal of Islamic Business & Management, 4(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijibm.v4i1.503
Section
Research Paper/Theoretical Paper/Review Paper/Short Communication Paper
Copyright (c) 2020 Muayad Baqer Mohammed Alfahham
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
