Entrepreneurial Intention among Postgraduate Students in Nigerian Universities: Conceptual Review
Keywords:
Entrepreneurial intention, entrepreneurial education, environmental factor, societal entrepreneurship attitude.
Abstract
Governments in most developing countries are doing their best to ensure that graduates who are not employed should engage in entrepreneurship activities which can go a long way in reducing the problem of unemployment among the youths. Nigeria is among one of those developing nations with such problem. The government has introduced some many programs and policies which are aimed at reducing poverty and will encourage self-employment among the youths. Yet, students are still lacking the intention of becoming entrepreneur. From this study, there will be need to cover the gap found in the literature and then developed a conceptual framework (from which propositions where developed. The study used factors such as entrepreneurship education, environmental factors and societal entrepreneurship attitude to explore the student’s entrepreneurial intention. These factors where adopted bases on past theoretical and empirical studies which will cover the gap and contribute to the body of knowledge in the field of literature. Finally, this study calls upon researchers and Ministry of Education to examine this propositions on how to design a more comprehensive and benefice entrepreneurship courses and curriculum to these Nigerian universities. This will aim at preparing these students to be self-employed (entrepreneurs) which will reduce and assist the government in overcoming the problem of youth poverty and unemployment in Nigeria.
References
Agbim, K. C., Oriarewo, G. O., & Owocho, M. (2012).Factors influencing entrepreneurial intentions among graduates of Nigerian tertiary institutions. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 2, 36-44.
Akanbi, S. T. (2013). Familial Factors, Personality Traits and Self-Efficacy as Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intention among Vocational Based College Of Education Students in Oyo State, Nigeria.
Alarape, A. (2009). On the road to institutionalizing entrepreneurship education in Nigerian universities. The international journal of management education, 7 (2), 81-87.
Aliman, N. K., & Jalal, H. A. (2013).Entrepreneurial Career Intentions among Malay Ethnic University Students in Malaysia.Business & Applied Sciences, 1, 363.
Aluwong, T., & Bello, M. (2010). Emerging diseases and implications for Millennium Development Goals in Africa by 2015-an overview. Vet Ital, 46(2), 137-43.
Ang, S. H., & Hong, D. (2000).Entrepreneurial spirit among East Asian Chinese. Thunderbird International Business Review, 42, 285–309.
Arogundade, B. B. (2010).Problems of Facilities in South-West Nigeria Universities and the Forward.Journal of Education Administration and Policy, 2(2), 039-043.
Awogbenle, A. C., & Iwuamadi, K. C. (2010). Youth unemployment: Entrepreneurship development program as an intervention mechanism. African Journal of Business Management, 831-835.
Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2013). lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4. R package version, 1(4).
Bhandari, N. C. (2012). Relationship between students’ gender, their own employment, their parents’ employment, and the students’ intention for entrepreneurship.Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 15, 133-144.
Bhatti, M,A & Sundram, V,P,K;. (2015). Business Research. Malaysia: Pearson Malaysia Sdn Bhd.
Bird, B. (1988).Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intention.Academy of management review, 13, 442-453.
Blanchflower, D. G., & Oswald, A. J. (2007). What makes a young entrepreneur? IZA Discussion Paper, 3139.
Bolton, D. L. (2012). Individual entrepreneurial orientation: further investigation of a measurement instrument. Academy of entrepreneurial journal, 18 (1), 91-97.
Brockhaus, R. H. (1987). Entrepreneurial folklore.Journal of Small Business Management, 25, 1–6.
Carvalho, M. (2013, 11th December). Focusing on entrepreneurship education, The Star. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2013/12/11/Focusing-on-entrepreneurship-education/
Davidsson, P. (1995). Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intentions. Paper presented at the RENT IX Workshop, International Business School, Jonkoping, and Piacenza, Italy.
Deh, I. Y., Asuamah, S. Y., & Agyemang, I. K. (2013). The Link between Demographics and Perceive Barriers to Entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Development, 1(1), 42-50.
Diaz Garcia, M. C., & Jiménez-Moreno, J. (2010). Entrepreneurial intention: the role of gender. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 6(3), 261-283.
Dohse, D., & Walter, S. G. (2010). The role of entrepreneurship education and regional context in forming entrepreneurial intentions: Document de treball de l'IEB.
Douglas, E. J., & Fitzsimmons, J. R. (2013). Intrapreneurial intentions versus entrepreneurial intentions: distinct constructs with different antecedents. Small Business Economics, 41(1), 115-132.
Drnovsek, M., Wincent, J., & Cardon, M. S. (2010). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and business startup: Developing a multi-dimensional definition. International journal of entrepreneurial behavior & Research, 16, 329-348.
Ekpe, I., & Mat, N. (2012).The moderating effect of social environment on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial intentions of female students at Nigerian universities. International Journal of Management Sciences and Business Research, 1, 1-16.
Ekpoh, U. I., & Edet, A. O. (2011).Entrepreneurship education and career intentions of tertiary education students in Akwa Ibom and Cross River States, Nigeria.International Education Studies, 4(1), p172.
Esuh Ossai-Igwe, L., & Najafi Auwalu, I. (2014).Environmental factors and entrepreneurial intention among Nigerian students in UUM.
Fatoki, O. (2014). The Entrepreneurial intention of undergraduate students in South Africa: The influences of Entrepreneurship Education and previous work experience. Mediterranean Journal of social sciences, 5,294.
Fitzsimmons, J. R., & Douglas, E. J. (2011).Interaction between feasibility and desirability in the formation of entrepreneurial intentions.Journal of Business Venturing, 26(4), 431-440.
Fretschner, M., & Weber, S. (2013). Measuring and understanding the effects of entrepreneurial awareness education.Journal of Small Business Management, 51(3), 410-428.
Gana, S. (2005). Entrepreneurship Development: Jofegan Associates, Kaduna.
Gasse, Y., & Tremblay, M. (2011). Entrepreneurial beliefs and intentions: A cross-cultural study of university students in seven countries. International Journal of Business, 16(4), 303.
Gries, T., & Naudé, W. (2011). Entrepreneurship and human development: A capability approach. Journal of Public Economics, 95(3), 216-224.
Griffith-Jones, S., & Ocampo, J. A. (2009).The financial crisis and its impact on developing countries (No. 53). Working Paper, International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth.
Hair, J. F., Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Andersen, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2010).Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. 280.
Henderson, R., & Robertson, M. (2000). Who wants to be an entrepreneur? Young adult attitudes to entrepreneurship as a career.Career Development International, 5(.6) 279-287.
Ireland, R. D., Hitt, M. A., & Sirmon, D. G. (2003). A model of strategic entrepreneurship: The construct and its dimensions. Journal of management, 29, 963-989.
Ismail, M., Khalid, S. A., Othman, M., Jusoff, H. K., Rahman, N. A., Kassim, K. M., & Zain, R. S. (2009).Entrepreneurial intention among Malaysian undergraduates.International Journal of Business and Management, 4(10), P54.
Julie, P;. (2010). SPSS Survial Manual. Australia: (4th Ed) Allen & Unwin.
Karali, S. (2013). The impact of entrepreneurship education programs on entrepreneurial intentions: An application of the theory of planned behavior. Master Thesis. Erasmus University of Rotterdam.
Karimi, S., Chizari, M., Biemans, H. J., & Mulder, M. (2010). Entrepreneurship education in Iranian higher education: The current state and challenges. European Journal of Scientific Research, 48, 35-50.
Keilbach, M., Tamvada, J. P., & Audretsch, D. B. (2008).Sustaining entrepreneurship and economic growth: lessons in policy and industry innovations from Germany and India (Vol. 19): Springer.
Krueger, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000).Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions.Journal of Business Venturing, 15 (5/6), 411–432.
Liñán, F., Rodríguez-Cohard, J. C., & Rueda-Cantuche, J. M. (2011). Factors affecting entrepreneurial intention levels: a role for education. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7(2), 195-218.
Liñán, F., Urbano, D., & Guerrero, M. (2011).Regional variations in entrepreneurial cognitions: Start-up intentions of university students in Spain. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 23, 187-215.
Lucky, I., & Minai, M. S. (2011). „The Entrepreneurial Mind of the Female Graduate-to-be in Northern Malaysia‟. Paper presented at the The Proceeding at the World Business, Economics and Finance Conference.
Luthje, C., & Franke, N. (2003). The ‘making’ of an entrepreneur: testing a model of entrepreneurial intent among engineering students at MIT. R&D Management, 33, 135-147.
Maina, S. (2014).The role of entrepreneurship education on job creation among youths in Nigeria.International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, (04), 87-96.
Malebana, J. (2014). Entrepreneurial intentions of South African rural university students: A test of the theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 6(2), 130-143.
McGee, J.E., Peterson, M., Mueller, S.L., & Sequeira, J.M. (2009). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy: Refining the measure. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 4, 965-988.
Minniti, M., & Lévesque, M. (2008).Recent developments in the economics of entrepreneurship.Journal of Business Venturing, 23 ed.: 603-612.
Muofhe, N. J., & Du Toit, W. F. (2011). Entrepreneurial education's and entrepreneurial role models' influence on career choice: original research. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 9(1), 1-15.
National Bureau of Statistics (2014) www.nast.got.ng
Ogundipe, S. E., Kosile, B. A., & Ogundipe, L. O. (2012).Entrepreneurial intention among business and counseling students in Lagos State University sandwich programmer.Journal of Education and Practice, 3(14), 64-72.
Olakitan, O.O (2014) The Influence of Some Personality Factors on Entrepreneurial Intentions. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5, 278-284.
Ooi, Y.K, Christopher J, Denny M. (2011). Inclination towards entrepreneurship among university student: An empirical study of Malaysian university students. International Journal of business and social science, 2 (4), 204-220.
Oosterbeek, H., van Praag, M., & Ijssel stein, A. (2010). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurship skills and motivation.European economic review, 54, 442-454.
Othman, N.H. and Ishak, S. 2009. Attitude towards choosing a career in entrepreneurship amongst graduates.European Journal of Social Sciences, 10, 3, 419-434.
Owoseni, O. O. (2014). The Influence of Some Personality Factors on Entrepreneurial Intentions.International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5(1), 278-284.
Pihie, Z. L., & Bagheri, A. (2011). Malay Secondary School Students’ Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation and Entrepreneurial Self efficacy: A Descriptive Study. Journal of Applied Sciences, 11(2), 316-322.
Poplawski, B. (2009). The history of Education in Nigeria Entrepreneurship.Hemisphere 24,105-131.
Rodrigues, R. G., Dinis, A., do Paço, A., Ferreira, J., & Raposo, M. (2012). The effect of an entrepreneurial training programme on entrepreneurial traits and intention of secondary students.Entrepreneurship–Born, made and educated, 77-92.
Samuel, Y. A., Ernest, K., & Awuah, J. B. (2013).An Assessment of Entrepreneurship Intention among Sunyani Polytechnic Marketing Students.International Review of Management and Marketing, 3, 37-49.
Sánchez, J. C. (2011). University training for entrepreneurial competencies: Its impact on intention of venture creation. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7, 239-254.
Sekaran, U. & Bougie, R. (2010).Research methods for business. A sill building approaches (5th Ed.) John Willey: UK.
Shapero, A., & Sokol, L. (1982).The social dimension of entrepreneurship. In: Kent, C.A., Sexton, D.L., & Vesper, K.H. (eds.) the Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Singh Sandhu, M., Fahmi Sidique, S., & Riaz, S. (2011). Entrepreneurship barriers and entrepreneurial inclination among Malaysian postgraduate students.International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 17(4), 428-449.
Solesvik, M. Z. (2013). Entrepreneurial motivations and intentions: investigating the role of education major. Education+ Training, 55, 253-271.
Temtime, Z. T., Chinyoka, S. V., & Shunda, J. P. W. (2004).A decision tree approach for integrating small business assistance schemes.Journal of Management Development, 23(6), 563-578.
Turker, D., & Sonmez Selçuk, S. (2009). Which factors affect the entrepreneurial intention of university students? Journal of European Industrial Training, 33 (2), 142-159.
Vecchio, R.P. 2003. Entrepreneurship and Leadership: Common Trends and Common Threads.Human Resource Management Review, 13:303-327.
Vidic, F. (2013). Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and Knowledge creation (KC). International journal of economic sciences and applied research, 6 (2), 103-124.
Von Graevenitz, G., Harhoff, D., & Weber, R. (2010).The effects of entrepreneurship education.Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 76(1): 90-112.
Wang, W., Lu, W., & Millington, J. K. (2011).Determinants of entrepreneurial intention among college students in China and USA.Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 1, 35-44.
White, R. E., Thornhill, S., & Hampson, E. (2007). A biosocial model of entrepreneurship: the combined effects of nurture and nature. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28, 451–466.
Wu, W. W. (2009). A competency-based model for the success of an entrepreneurial start-up. WSEAS Transactions on Business and Economics, 6, 279-291.
Yordanova, D. I., & Alexandrova-Boshnakova, M. I. (2011). Gender effects on risk-taking of entrepreneurs: evidence from Bulgaria. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 17, 272-295.
Zain, Z. M., Akram, A. M., & Ghani, E. K. (2010).Entrepreneurship intention among Malaysian business students.Canadian Social Science, 6, 34-44.
Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2010). The relationship of personality to entrepreneurial intentions and performance: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Management, 36, 381-404.
Akanbi, S. T. (2013). Familial Factors, Personality Traits and Self-Efficacy as Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intention among Vocational Based College Of Education Students in Oyo State, Nigeria.
Alarape, A. (2009). On the road to institutionalizing entrepreneurship education in Nigerian universities. The international journal of management education, 7 (2), 81-87.
Aliman, N. K., & Jalal, H. A. (2013).Entrepreneurial Career Intentions among Malay Ethnic University Students in Malaysia.Business & Applied Sciences, 1, 363.
Aluwong, T., & Bello, M. (2010). Emerging diseases and implications for Millennium Development Goals in Africa by 2015-an overview. Vet Ital, 46(2), 137-43.
Ang, S. H., & Hong, D. (2000).Entrepreneurial spirit among East Asian Chinese. Thunderbird International Business Review, 42, 285–309.
Arogundade, B. B. (2010).Problems of Facilities in South-West Nigeria Universities and the Forward.Journal of Education Administration and Policy, 2(2), 039-043.
Awogbenle, A. C., & Iwuamadi, K. C. (2010). Youth unemployment: Entrepreneurship development program as an intervention mechanism. African Journal of Business Management, 831-835.
Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2013). lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4. R package version, 1(4).
Bhandari, N. C. (2012). Relationship between students’ gender, their own employment, their parents’ employment, and the students’ intention for entrepreneurship.Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 15, 133-144.
Bhatti, M,A & Sundram, V,P,K;. (2015). Business Research. Malaysia: Pearson Malaysia Sdn Bhd.
Bird, B. (1988).Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intention.Academy of management review, 13, 442-453.
Blanchflower, D. G., & Oswald, A. J. (2007). What makes a young entrepreneur? IZA Discussion Paper, 3139.
Bolton, D. L. (2012). Individual entrepreneurial orientation: further investigation of a measurement instrument. Academy of entrepreneurial journal, 18 (1), 91-97.
Brockhaus, R. H. (1987). Entrepreneurial folklore.Journal of Small Business Management, 25, 1–6.
Carvalho, M. (2013, 11th December). Focusing on entrepreneurship education, The Star. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2013/12/11/Focusing-on-entrepreneurship-education/
Davidsson, P. (1995). Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intentions. Paper presented at the RENT IX Workshop, International Business School, Jonkoping, and Piacenza, Italy.
Deh, I. Y., Asuamah, S. Y., & Agyemang, I. K. (2013). The Link between Demographics and Perceive Barriers to Entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Development, 1(1), 42-50.
Diaz Garcia, M. C., & Jiménez-Moreno, J. (2010). Entrepreneurial intention: the role of gender. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 6(3), 261-283.
Dohse, D., & Walter, S. G. (2010). The role of entrepreneurship education and regional context in forming entrepreneurial intentions: Document de treball de l'IEB.
Douglas, E. J., & Fitzsimmons, J. R. (2013). Intrapreneurial intentions versus entrepreneurial intentions: distinct constructs with different antecedents. Small Business Economics, 41(1), 115-132.
Drnovsek, M., Wincent, J., & Cardon, M. S. (2010). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and business startup: Developing a multi-dimensional definition. International journal of entrepreneurial behavior & Research, 16, 329-348.
Ekpe, I., & Mat, N. (2012).The moderating effect of social environment on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial intentions of female students at Nigerian universities. International Journal of Management Sciences and Business Research, 1, 1-16.
Ekpoh, U. I., & Edet, A. O. (2011).Entrepreneurship education and career intentions of tertiary education students in Akwa Ibom and Cross River States, Nigeria.International Education Studies, 4(1), p172.
Esuh Ossai-Igwe, L., & Najafi Auwalu, I. (2014).Environmental factors and entrepreneurial intention among Nigerian students in UUM.
Fatoki, O. (2014). The Entrepreneurial intention of undergraduate students in South Africa: The influences of Entrepreneurship Education and previous work experience. Mediterranean Journal of social sciences, 5,294.
Fitzsimmons, J. R., & Douglas, E. J. (2011).Interaction between feasibility and desirability in the formation of entrepreneurial intentions.Journal of Business Venturing, 26(4), 431-440.
Fretschner, M., & Weber, S. (2013). Measuring and understanding the effects of entrepreneurial awareness education.Journal of Small Business Management, 51(3), 410-428.
Gana, S. (2005). Entrepreneurship Development: Jofegan Associates, Kaduna.
Gasse, Y., & Tremblay, M. (2011). Entrepreneurial beliefs and intentions: A cross-cultural study of university students in seven countries. International Journal of Business, 16(4), 303.
Gries, T., & Naudé, W. (2011). Entrepreneurship and human development: A capability approach. Journal of Public Economics, 95(3), 216-224.
Griffith-Jones, S., & Ocampo, J. A. (2009).The financial crisis and its impact on developing countries (No. 53). Working Paper, International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth.
Hair, J. F., Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Andersen, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2010).Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. 280.
Henderson, R., & Robertson, M. (2000). Who wants to be an entrepreneur? Young adult attitudes to entrepreneurship as a career.Career Development International, 5(.6) 279-287.
Ireland, R. D., Hitt, M. A., & Sirmon, D. G. (2003). A model of strategic entrepreneurship: The construct and its dimensions. Journal of management, 29, 963-989.
Ismail, M., Khalid, S. A., Othman, M., Jusoff, H. K., Rahman, N. A., Kassim, K. M., & Zain, R. S. (2009).Entrepreneurial intention among Malaysian undergraduates.International Journal of Business and Management, 4(10), P54.
Julie, P;. (2010). SPSS Survial Manual. Australia: (4th Ed) Allen & Unwin.
Karali, S. (2013). The impact of entrepreneurship education programs on entrepreneurial intentions: An application of the theory of planned behavior. Master Thesis. Erasmus University of Rotterdam.
Karimi, S., Chizari, M., Biemans, H. J., & Mulder, M. (2010). Entrepreneurship education in Iranian higher education: The current state and challenges. European Journal of Scientific Research, 48, 35-50.
Keilbach, M., Tamvada, J. P., & Audretsch, D. B. (2008).Sustaining entrepreneurship and economic growth: lessons in policy and industry innovations from Germany and India (Vol. 19): Springer.
Krueger, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000).Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions.Journal of Business Venturing, 15 (5/6), 411–432.
Liñán, F., Rodríguez-Cohard, J. C., & Rueda-Cantuche, J. M. (2011). Factors affecting entrepreneurial intention levels: a role for education. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7(2), 195-218.
Liñán, F., Urbano, D., & Guerrero, M. (2011).Regional variations in entrepreneurial cognitions: Start-up intentions of university students in Spain. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 23, 187-215.
Lucky, I., & Minai, M. S. (2011). „The Entrepreneurial Mind of the Female Graduate-to-be in Northern Malaysia‟. Paper presented at the The Proceeding at the World Business, Economics and Finance Conference.
Luthje, C., & Franke, N. (2003). The ‘making’ of an entrepreneur: testing a model of entrepreneurial intent among engineering students at MIT. R&D Management, 33, 135-147.
Maina, S. (2014).The role of entrepreneurship education on job creation among youths in Nigeria.International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, (04), 87-96.
Malebana, J. (2014). Entrepreneurial intentions of South African rural university students: A test of the theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 6(2), 130-143.
McGee, J.E., Peterson, M., Mueller, S.L., & Sequeira, J.M. (2009). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy: Refining the measure. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 4, 965-988.
Minniti, M., & Lévesque, M. (2008).Recent developments in the economics of entrepreneurship.Journal of Business Venturing, 23 ed.: 603-612.
Muofhe, N. J., & Du Toit, W. F. (2011). Entrepreneurial education's and entrepreneurial role models' influence on career choice: original research. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 9(1), 1-15.
National Bureau of Statistics (2014) www.nast.got.ng
Ogundipe, S. E., Kosile, B. A., & Ogundipe, L. O. (2012).Entrepreneurial intention among business and counseling students in Lagos State University sandwich programmer.Journal of Education and Practice, 3(14), 64-72.
Olakitan, O.O (2014) The Influence of Some Personality Factors on Entrepreneurial Intentions. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5, 278-284.
Ooi, Y.K, Christopher J, Denny M. (2011). Inclination towards entrepreneurship among university student: An empirical study of Malaysian university students. International Journal of business and social science, 2 (4), 204-220.
Oosterbeek, H., van Praag, M., & Ijssel stein, A. (2010). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurship skills and motivation.European economic review, 54, 442-454.
Othman, N.H. and Ishak, S. 2009. Attitude towards choosing a career in entrepreneurship amongst graduates.European Journal of Social Sciences, 10, 3, 419-434.
Owoseni, O. O. (2014). The Influence of Some Personality Factors on Entrepreneurial Intentions.International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5(1), 278-284.
Pihie, Z. L., & Bagheri, A. (2011). Malay Secondary School Students’ Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation and Entrepreneurial Self efficacy: A Descriptive Study. Journal of Applied Sciences, 11(2), 316-322.
Poplawski, B. (2009). The history of Education in Nigeria Entrepreneurship.Hemisphere 24,105-131.
Rodrigues, R. G., Dinis, A., do Paço, A., Ferreira, J., & Raposo, M. (2012). The effect of an entrepreneurial training programme on entrepreneurial traits and intention of secondary students.Entrepreneurship–Born, made and educated, 77-92.
Samuel, Y. A., Ernest, K., & Awuah, J. B. (2013).An Assessment of Entrepreneurship Intention among Sunyani Polytechnic Marketing Students.International Review of Management and Marketing, 3, 37-49.
Sánchez, J. C. (2011). University training for entrepreneurial competencies: Its impact on intention of venture creation. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7, 239-254.
Sekaran, U. & Bougie, R. (2010).Research methods for business. A sill building approaches (5th Ed.) John Willey: UK.
Shapero, A., & Sokol, L. (1982).The social dimension of entrepreneurship. In: Kent, C.A., Sexton, D.L., & Vesper, K.H. (eds.) the Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Singh Sandhu, M., Fahmi Sidique, S., & Riaz, S. (2011). Entrepreneurship barriers and entrepreneurial inclination among Malaysian postgraduate students.International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 17(4), 428-449.
Solesvik, M. Z. (2013). Entrepreneurial motivations and intentions: investigating the role of education major. Education+ Training, 55, 253-271.
Temtime, Z. T., Chinyoka, S. V., & Shunda, J. P. W. (2004).A decision tree approach for integrating small business assistance schemes.Journal of Management Development, 23(6), 563-578.
Turker, D., & Sonmez Selçuk, S. (2009). Which factors affect the entrepreneurial intention of university students? Journal of European Industrial Training, 33 (2), 142-159.
Vecchio, R.P. 2003. Entrepreneurship and Leadership: Common Trends and Common Threads.Human Resource Management Review, 13:303-327.
Vidic, F. (2013). Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and Knowledge creation (KC). International journal of economic sciences and applied research, 6 (2), 103-124.
Von Graevenitz, G., Harhoff, D., & Weber, R. (2010).The effects of entrepreneurship education.Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 76(1): 90-112.
Wang, W., Lu, W., & Millington, J. K. (2011).Determinants of entrepreneurial intention among college students in China and USA.Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 1, 35-44.
White, R. E., Thornhill, S., & Hampson, E. (2007). A biosocial model of entrepreneurship: the combined effects of nurture and nature. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28, 451–466.
Wu, W. W. (2009). A competency-based model for the success of an entrepreneurial start-up. WSEAS Transactions on Business and Economics, 6, 279-291.
Yordanova, D. I., & Alexandrova-Boshnakova, M. I. (2011). Gender effects on risk-taking of entrepreneurs: evidence from Bulgaria. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 17, 272-295.
Zain, Z. M., Akram, A. M., & Ghani, E. K. (2010).Entrepreneurship intention among Malaysian business students.Canadian Social Science, 6, 34-44.
Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2010). The relationship of personality to entrepreneurial intentions and performance: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Management, 36, 381-404.
Published
2017-09-23
How to Cite
Idris, A. A. (2017). Entrepreneurial Intention among Postgraduate Students in Nigerian Universities: Conceptual Review. American Finance & Banking Review, 1(1), 12-23. https://doi.org/10.46281/amfbr.v1i1.122
Section
Research Paper/Theoretical Paper/Review Paper/Short Communication Paper
Copyright (c) 2017 Adamu Abdullahi Idris
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