EFFECT OF TRAINING PROGRAMS ON TRAINEES’ LEARNING
Abstract
Employees’ learning is the primary driver of organizational sustainability. To achieve sustainability, organizations are required to invest in training for their employees’ continuous learning. Evaluation of training programs is the heart of continuous improvement in employees’ learning. This study investigates the effect of training programs on employees’ learning, focusing on knowledge-based outcomes (KBO), skill-based outcomes (SBO), and affective outcomes (AO). Drawing upon Human Capital Theory (HCT) and the second level of the Kirkpatrick's training evaluation model, a pre-experimental research design and quantitative method were employed. Stratified random sampling technique is used to select a sample of 381 employees from eight Private Commercial Banks (PCBs) of four bank generations in Bangladesh who participated in pre-test and post-test assessments. Statistical techniques including comparison chart, normality tests (Shapiro-Wilk W Test and Skewness and Kurtosis Test), and paired t-test were utilized to analyze the data. Findings indicate significant improvements in KBO, SBO, and AO following training interventions, supported by statistical test conducted using MS Excel v.13. Later, findings from executing STATA v.12 also underscore the effect of training programs on upgrading employees’ learning in the PCBs. Limitation includes the absence of a control group that hinders the influence of potential external factors on learning outcomes, which is a new avenue for future research.
JEL Classification Codes: G21, M53, O15.
References
Abdulghani, H. M., Shaik, S. A., Khamis, N., Al-Drees, A. A., Irshad, M., Khalil, M. S., ... & Isnani, A. (2014). Research methodology workshops evaluation using the Kirkpatrick’s model: translating theory into practice. Medical Teacher, 36(sup1), S24-S29. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2014.886012
Alvesson, M., & Sveningsson, S. (2015). Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress. Routledge.
Athar, R., & Shah, F. M. (2015). Impact of training on employee performance (banking sector Karachi). IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 17(11), 58-67.
Austin, J. R., & Bartunek, J. M. (2003). Theories and practices of organizational development. Handbook of psychology, 12, 309-332.
Becker, G. (1964). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education. National Bureau of Economic Research.
Becker, G. S. (1962). Investment in human capital: A theoretical analysis. Journal of political economy, 70(5, Part 2), 9-49.
Blundell, R., Dearden, L., Meghir, C., & Sianesi, B. (1999). Human capital investment: the returns from education and training to the individual, the firm and the economy. Fiscal studies, 20(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1999.tb00001.x
Bowman, M. J. (1966). The human investment revolution in economic thought. Sociology of education, 39(2), 111-137. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111863
Brown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Day, J. D. (1981). Learning to learn: On training students to learn from texts. Educational researcher, 10(2), 14-21. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X010002014
Gebhardt, G. F., Carpenter, G. S., & Sherry Jr, J. F. (2006). Creating a market orientation: A longitudinal, multifirm, grounded analysis of cultural transformation. Journal of marketing, 70(4), 37-55. https://doi.org/10.1509/ jmkg.70.4.037
Gephart, M. A., Marsick, V. J., Van Buren, M. E., Spiro, M. S., & Senge, P. (1996). Learning organizations come alive. Training & Development, 50(12), 34-46.
Ghasemzadeh, P., Nazari, J. A., Farzaneh, M., & Mehralian, G. (2019). Moderating role of innovation culture in the relationship between organizational learning and innovation performance. The Learning Organization, 26(3), 289-303. https://doi.org/10.1108/TLO-08-2018-0139
Gomez, A. K. (2003). An analysis of the evaluation practices of employer-sponsored training in the financial services industry. Texas A&M University.
Hall, D. T., & Moss, J. E. (1998). The new protean career contract: Helping organizations and employees adapt. Organizational dynamics, 26(3), 22-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-2616(98)90012-2
Heydari, M. R., Taghva, F., Amini, M., & Delavari, S. (2019). Using Kirkpatrick’s model to measure the effect of a new teaching and learning methods workshop for health care staff. BMC research notes, 12(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4421-y
Karman, A. (2019). The role of human resource flexibility and agility in achieving sustainable competitiveness. International Journal of Sustainable Economy, 11(4), 324-346. https://doi.org/10.1504/ IJSE.2019.103472
Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Age International.
Kraiger, K., Ford, J. K., & Salas, E. (1993). Application of cognitive, skill-based, and affective theories of learning outcomes to new methods of training evaluation. Journal of applied psychology, 78(2), 311-328. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.78.2.311
Kumar, D., & Siddika, H. (2017). Benefits of training and development program on employees’ performance: a study with special reference to banking sector in Bangladesh. International Journal of Research-Granthaalayah, 5(12), 77-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1133603
McKimm, J., & Swanwick, T. (2009). Setting learning objectives. British Journal of Hospital Medicine (2005), 70(7), 406-409. https://doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2009.70.7.43125
Misut, M., Pribilova, K., Orolinova, M., & Kotulakova, K. (2013). Quality of education improvement through adapted Kirkpatrick evaluation model. Advances in Education Research, 44, 109-114.
Munoli, S. P. (2021). Measuring Success: Evaluating the Impact of Training Initiatives in the Banking Industry. IJFANS International Journal of Food and Nutritional Sciences, 10(12), 8-19.
Riege, A. (2005). Three‐dozen knowledge‐sharing barriers managers must consider. Journal of knowledge management, 9(3), 18-35. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270510602746
Roy, I., & Pall, S. K. (2020). Training Situation and Its Impact on Banking Operation in Bangladesh: A Study on Dhaka City. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 20(6), 11-19.
Samuel, T., Azen, R., & Campbell-Kyureghyan, N. (2019). Evaluation of Learning Outcomes through Multiple Choice Pre-and Post-Training Assessments. Journal of Education and Learning, 8(3), 122-135. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v8n3p122
Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in human capital. The American economic review, 51(1), 1-17.
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2014). Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach. John Wiley & Sons.
Sumner, E. S., & Capano, C. D. (2010). Pre and post evaluations for assessment of student learning outcomes; A simple approach. In Proceedings of the 46th Associated Schools of Construction Annual Conference.
Sun, J. Y., & Wang, G. G. (2014). Human Capital Theory and Screening Theory: Relevance to HRD research and practice. In The Routledge Companion to Human Resource Development (pp. 158-167). Routledge.
Warr, P., Allan, C., & Birdi, K. (1999). Predicting three levels of training outcome. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72(3), 351-375. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317999166725
Wuttaphan, N. (2017). Human capital theory: The theory of human resource development, implications, and future. Life Sciences and Environment Journal, 18(2), 240-253.
Copyright (c) 2024 Md. Faisal-E-Alam
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.