THE SHORT- TERM CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19) PANDEMIC EFFECT: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF INDIAN STOCK MARKET (BSE)
Abstract
India’s precautionary step toward COVID-19 led to 1.3 billion people enduring lockdown, consequently halting the wheels of the Indian economy. Though the crash of the stock market was evident and explanatory, it left all stakeholders (including the investors and government) with no choice. Deteriorating SENSEX and other indices forced investors to withdraw and lose attraction from the market and looped in more serious issues to the Indian stock market. This paper empirically analyses the short-term impact of COVID-19 on five selected BSE indices for SENSEX, FMCG, Bank, Corporate-Bond, and Industrial using econometric models. Stationarity was checked by Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Philips-Perron test. Autocorrelation was assessed and mitigated by Durbin-Watson, Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM test, and Cochrane-Orcutt transformation method. This study attempts to apply Multiple Regression, the GARCH model, Standard Vector Autoregression (S-VAR), and Impulse Response Function (IRF) to decode the relation. The results indicated that the COVID-19 pandemic is adversely affecting the performance of the Indian stock market in the short run. All the indices showed a negative relationship antecedent with the effect of COVID-19, except for the SPICBI index. This paper implies investment solutions for the investors and policymakers to cope with the unprecedented situation amidst COVID-19.
JEL Classification Codes: H54, R53.
References
Al Jazeera. (2020, April 14). India extends world's biggest coronavirus lockdown till May 3. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/india-nationwide-coronavirus-lockdown-extended-3-modi-200414045543730.html
Agencies. (2020, March 14). India declares Covid-19 a ‘Notified Disaster’ The Economic Times. Retrieved from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-declares-covid-19-a-notified-disaster/articleshow/74631611.cms?from=mdr
Anselin, L. (2013). Spatial econometrics: methods and models (Vol. 4). Springer
Armien, B., Suaya, J. A., Quiroz, E., Sah, B. K., Bayard, V., Marchena, L., & Shepard, D. S. (2008). Clinical characteristics and national economic cost of the 2005 dengue epidemic in Panama. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 79(3), 364-371.
Ayittey, F. K., Ayittey, M. K., Chiwero, N. B., Kamasah, J. S., & Dzuvor, C. (2020). Economic impacts of Wuhan 2019‐nCoV on China and the world. Journal of medical virology, 92(5), 473. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25706
Arun, T. K. (2020, January 14). View: What India needs is a corporate bond market, not a new DFI. The Economic Times. Retrieved from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/view-what-india-needs-is-a-corporate-bond-market-not-a-new-dfi/articleshow/73238824.cms?from=mdr
Business Today. (2020, January 15). Share Market Update: Sensex ends highest ever at 41,952.63, Nifty at 12,362.30; media stocks lead gains. Retrieved from https://www.businesstoday.in/markets/stocks/share-market-live-sensex-nifty-trading-on-jan-14-2020-edelweisis-cipla-mindtree-wipro-irctc-indusind-bank/story/393749.html
Baldwin, R., & Di Mauro, B. W. (2020). Economics in the time of COVID-19: A new eBook. VOX CEPR Policy Portal, 2-3.
Barnett, T., Whiteside, A., Khodakevich, L., Kruglov, Y., & Steshenko, V. (2000). The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Ukraine: its potential social and economic impact. Social science & medicine, 51(9), 1387-1403. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00104-0
Beutels, P., Jia, N., Zhou, Q. Y., Smith, R., Cao, W. C., & De Vlas, S. J. (2009). The economic impact of SARS in Beijing, China. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 14, 85-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02210.x
Bloom, D. E., & Mahal, A. S. (1997). Does the AIDS epidemic threaten economic growth?. Journal of Econometrics, 77(1), 105-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(96)01808-8
Bollerslev, T. (1986). Generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity. Journal of econometrics, 31(3), 307-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(86)90063-1
Bollerslev, T., Chou, R. Y., & Kroner, K. F. (1992). ARCH modeling in finance: A review of the theory and empirical evidence. Journal of econometrics, 52(1-2), 5-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(92)90064-X
Bollerslev, T., Engle, R. F., & Nelson, D. B. (1994). ARCH models. Handbook of econometrics, 4, 2959-3038. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4412(05)80018-2
Brooks, C. (2008). Introductory Econometrics for Finance (2nd Eds.). UK: Cambridge University Press.
Brooks, C. (2014). Introductory Econometrics in Finance (3rd ed.). New York, NY. Cambridge University Press.
BSE (n.d.) Introduction. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20180131201340/http://www.bseindia.com/static/about/introduction.aspx?expandable=0
Business Reporter. (2020, March 23). Sensex plunges 3,935 pts in biggest 1-day fall; investors lose Rs 13.88 trn. Retrieved from https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/market-live-markets-sensex-nifty-bse-nse-coronavirus-hdfc-ril-120032300127_1.html
Carpenter, T. E., O'Brien, J. M., Hagerman, A. D., & Mc Carl, B. A. (2011). Epidemic and economic impacts of delayed detection of foot-and-mouth disease: a case study of a simulated outbreak in California. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 23(1), 26-33. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063871102300104
Chen, M. H., Jang, S. S., & Kim, W. G. (2007). The impact of the SARS outbreak on Taiwanese hotel stock performance: an event-study approach. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 26(1), 200-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2005.11.004
Clear Tax. (2018, August 20). Stock Market Index: Meaning, Importance, NSE & BSE and more. Retrieved from https://cleartax.in/s/stock-market-index
Clark, G. (2007). The long march of history: Farm wages, population, and economic growth, England 1209–1869 1. The Economic History Review, 60(1), 97-135. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2006.00358.x
Clark, G. (2010). The macroeconomic aggregates for England, 1209–2008. In Research in economic history, pp. 51-140. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0363-3268(2010)0000027004
Engle, R. F. (1982). Autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity with estimates of the variance of United Kingdom inflation. Econometrica: Journal of the econometric society, 987-1007. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912773
Ellis-Peterson, Hannah (2020, March 24). India's 1.3 bn population locked down to beat coronavirus. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/24/indias-13bn-population-locked-down-to-beat-coronavirus
Gangadharan, S. R., & Yoonus, C. A. (2012). Global financial crisis and stock market integration: A study on the impact of global financial crisis on the level of financial integration between the US and Indian stock markets. Asia-Pacific Journal of Management Research and Innovation, 8(2), 101-110. https://doi.org/10.1177/2319510X1200800203
Garson, G. D. (2012). Testing statistical assumptions. Asheboro, NC: Statistical Associates Publishing.
Garg, A., & Bodla, B. S. (2011). Impact of the foreign institutional investments on stock market: Evidence from India. Indian Economic Review, 303-322. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/23266433
Gujarati, D. N., Porter, D. C., & Gunasekar, S. (2012). Basic Econometrics (5th ed.). New Delhi, ND. McGraw Hill education.
Gupta, A. G., Moyer, C. A., & Stern, D. T. (2005). The economic impact of quarantine: SARS in Toronto as a case study. Journal of Infection, 50(5), 386-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2004.08.006
Hair, J. F., Jr., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L. & Black, W. C. (1995). Multivariate Data Analysis, 3rd ed, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York
Hassan, E. U., Shahzeb, F., Shaheen, M., Abbas, Q., Hameed, Z., & Hunjra, A. I. (2013). Impact of affect heuristic, fear and anger on the decision making of individual investor: a conceptual study. World Applied Sciences Journal, 23(4), 510-514. Retrieved from https://www.idosi.org/wasj/wasj23(4)13/11.pdf
IBEF. (2020, March). Indian FMCG Industry Analysis. Retrieved from https://www.ibef.org/industry/Fmcg-presentation
Iyer, A. (2020, April 09). Covid-19 may be lethal for India’s economy but it ain’t bad for rupee. Livemint. Retrieved from https://www.livemint.com/market/mark-to-market/covid-19-may-be-lethal-for-india-s-economy-but-it-ain-t-so-bad-for-rupee-11586407946514.html
Jorda, O., Singh, S. R., & Taylor, A. M. (2020). Longer-run economic consequences of pandemics (No. w26934). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_01042
Khanna, S. (2020, April 15). Opinion | Can covid-19 be Indian pharma’s Y2K moment? Livemint. Retrieved from https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/can-covid-19-be-indian-pharma-s-y2k-moment-11586966253864.html
Livemint. (2020, April 7). India biggest producer of 'game-changer' hydroxychloroquine drug; has enough capacity. Retrieved from https://www.livemint.com/science/health/india-biggest-producer-of-game-changer-hydroxychloroquine-drug-has-enough-capacity-11586266119087.html
Luo, S. & Tsang, K. P. (2020). How Much of China and World GDP Has The Coronavirus Reduced?, Social Science Research Network Report.
Maital, S. and Barzani, E. (2020). Abstract: The Global Economic Impact of COVID-19: A Summary of Research. Samuel Neaman Institue for National Policy Research. Retrieved from https://www.neaman.org.il/Files/Global%20Economic%20Impact%20of%20COVID-19.pdf
McKibbin, W. J., & Fernando, R. (2020). The global macroeconomic impacts of COVID-19: Seven scenarios. https://doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00796
Mehta, R. (2020, March 16). Big Sensex falls in 20 years and market reaction to other viral outbreaks. The Economic Times. Retrieved from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/biggest-sensex-falls-in-20-years-and-market-reaction-to-other-viral-outbreaks/articleshow/74624064.cms?from=mdr
Montgomery, D.C., E.A. Peck and G.G. Vining, 2001. Introduction to Linear Regression Analysis. 3rd Edn., John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA., ISBN-13: 978-0471315650, Pages: 672.
Mohanty, P. (2019, July 15). Labour reforms: No one knows the size of India's informal workforce, not even the govt. Business today. Retrieved from https://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/jobs/labour-law-reforms-no-one-knows-actual-size-india-informal-workforce-not-even-govt/story/364361.html
Mudgill, A. (2020, April 25). How will India lockdown play out for economy & markets: 4 scenarios. The Economic Times. Retrieved from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/how-will-india-lockdown-play-out-for-economy-markets-4-scenarios/articleshow/74804087.cms
Mehta, R. (2020, March 23). How the coronavirus has hit Indian and global markets. The Economic Times. Retrieved from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/how-the-coronavirus-has-hit-indian-and-global-markets/articleshow/74745391.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst
Nagaraj, R. (2013). India's dream run, 2003-08: Understanding the boom and Its aftermath. Economic and Political Weekly, 39-51.
Patnaik, I., Shah, A., & Singh, N. (2013). Foreign investors under stress: Evidence from india. International Finance, 16(2), 213-244. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2362.2013.12032.x
Patil, D. (2020, January 20). Sluggish bond market is the latest headache for Indian borrowers. The Print, Retrieved from https://theprint.in/economy/sluggish-bond-market-is-the-latest-headache-for-indian-borrowers/351899/
Ruiz Estrada, M. A., Park, D., Koutronas, E., Khan, A., & Tahir, M. (2020). The impact of infectious and contagious diseases and its impact on the economic performance: The case of Wuhan, China. China (January 29, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3527330
Riley, C. & Horowitz, J. (2020, February 10). The coronavirus is already hurting the world economy. Here's why it could get really scary. CNN Business. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2020/02/08/business/coronavirus-global-economy/index.html
Sahoo, J. (2020). Financial stress index, growth and price stability in India: Some recent evidence. Transnational Corporations Review, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/19186444.2020.1768789
Sharma, S. (2020, March 25). FPI investors leave India with lifetime high withdrawal; pullout more in March than in full year 2018. Financial Express. Retrieved from https://www.financialexpress.com/market/fpi-investors-leave-india-with-lifetime-high-withdrawal-pullout-more-in-march-than-in-full-year-2018/1908404/
Salvatore, D., & Reagle, D. (2002). Shaum’s outline of statistics and econometrics (2nd ed.). New York, N.Y.: Schaum McGraw-Hill
Sen, S. (2019). Official Reforms and India’s Real Economy. Economic & Political Weekly, 54(38), 17.
Shehzad, K., Xiaoxing, L., & Kazouz, H. (2020). COVID-19’s disasters are perilous than Global Financial Crisis: A rumor or fact?. Finance Research Letters, 101669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2020.101669
Sumantri, V. D. S. (2020). Analysis Factors Affecting Indonesia Stock Market (Case Studies on Consumer Goods Index). Economic Studies & Analyses/Acta VSFS, 5(1).
Shukla, V. (2019, February 19). Top 10 Largest Stock Exchanges In The World By Market Capitalization. ValueWalk. Retrieved from https://www.valuewalk.com/2019/02/top-10-largest-stock-exchanges/
The Economic Times. (2018, August 18). India clocked 10.08 per cent growth under Manmohan Singh's tenure: Report. Retrieved from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/india-clocked-10-08-pc-growth-under-manmohan-singhs-tenure-shows-data/articleshow/65444247.cms?from=mdr
The Hindu Business Line. (2020, April 10). Covid-19 pandemic to hit Indian IT-BPO industry hard. Retrieved from https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/covid-19-pandemic-to-hit-indian-it-bpo-industry-hard/article31305439.ece
Usmani, F. & Akhter, J. (2020). Dynamic Interaction Between Foreign Institutional Investors And Market Return In An Emerging Economy: Evidence From India. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 9(4). Retrieved from https://www.ijstr.org/final-print/apr2020/Dynamic-Interaction-Between-Foreign-Institutional-Investors-And-Market-Return-In-An-Emerging-Economy-Evidence-From-India.pdf
Ülkü, N., & İkizlerli, D. (2012). The interaction between foreigners' trading and emerging stock returns: Evidence from Turkey. Emerging Markets Review, 13(3), 381-409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2012.06.002
Vijayakumar, K., George, B., Anish, T. S. Rajasi, R. S., Teena, M. J., & Sujina, C. M. (2013). Economic Impact of Chikungunya Epidemic: Out-Of-Pocket Health Expenditures During The 2007 Outbreak In Kerala, India. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 44(1), 54-61. Retrieved from https://www.tm.mahidol.ac.th/seameo/2013-44-1-full/8-5415-2.pdf
Vo, X. V. (2017). Trading of foreign investors and stock returns in an emerging market-Evidence from Vietnam. International Review of Financial Analysis, 52, 88-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2017.05.007
Worldometers. (n.d.). Countries where COVID-19 has spread. Retrieved from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/countries-where-coronavirus-has-spread/
World Health Organisation [WHO]. (2020, March 12). WHO announces COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic. Retrieved from http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/news/news/2020/3/who-announces-covid-19-outbreak-a-pandemic
Wick, B. (2020, April 17). IMF chief says its forecast that 170 global economies will shrink may be too optimistic. Business Insider. Retrieved from
https://www.businessinsider.in/stock-market/news/imf-chief-says-its-forecast-that-170-global-economies-will-shrink-may-be-too-optimistic/articleshow/75207315.cms
World Health Organisation [WHO]. (2020, January 12). Novel Coronavirus – China. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/csr/don/12-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-china/en/
Yang, H. Y., & Chen, K. H. (2009). A general equilibrium analysis of the economic impact of a tourism crisis: A case study of the SARS epidemic in Taiwan. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 1(1), 37-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407960902738313
Yang, P. C., Chu, R. M., Chung, W. B., & Sung, H. T. (1999). Costs of the 1997 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Epidemic in Taiwan. Veterinary Record, 145, 731-734. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.145.25.731
Copyright (c) 2022 Mohd Atif Afzal, Nasreen Khan, Abdul Saboor Mohammad, Mohd Taqi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.