THE EFFECT OF LOCUS OF CONTROL, CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE AND ACADEMIC SELF-EFFICACY ON THE ACADEMIC ADJUSTMENT AMONG YEMENI STUDENTS IN TURKEY
Keywords:
Locus of Control, Cultural Intelligence, Academic Self-Efficacy, Academic Adjustment, Yemeni Students in Turkey.
Abstract
The current study aims to examine the correlations between both of locus of control, academic self-efficacy, cultural intelligence and academic adjustment. It also seeks to predict academic adjustment from locus of control, academic self-efficacy and cultural intelligence. In addition, the present study aims to examine whether cultural intelligence mediates the relationship between academic self-efficacy and academic adjustment. In this study 262 Yemeni students studying in Turkish universities participated. A list taken from the Rotter's scale was developed to measure the locus of control. College academic self-efficacy scale (CASES), cultural intelligence scale (CIS) and the student adaptation to college questionnaire (SACQ) were used to collect data of study. The results show that there are statistically significant correlations among all the variables of study. Results also indicated that academic adjustment was be predicted from academic self-efficacy and locus of control. Furthermore, results show that the cultural intelligence did not mediate the relationship between academic self-efficacy and academic adjustment. There are statistically significant differences in academic self-efficacy and academic adjustment due to educational level. There are also differences in academic adjustment due to gender.
JEL Classification Codes: H75.
References
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Kiang, L., Supple, A. J., Stein, G. L., & Gonzalez, L. M. (2012). Gendered academic adjustment among Asian American adolescents in an emerging immigrant community. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(3), 283-294.
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Naik, A. R. (2015). A study on locus of control among college students of Gulbarga City. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 2(4), 47-54.
Nguyen, A. M. D., Jefferies, J., & Rojas, B. (2018). Short term, big impact? Changes in self-efficacy and cultural intelligence, and the adjustment of multicultural and monocultural students abroad. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 66, 119-129.
Ogunmakin, A. O., & Akomolafe, M. J. (2013). Academic self-efficacy, locus of control and academic performance of secondary school students in Ondo State, Nigeria. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(11), 570-570.
Owen, S. V., & Froman, R. D. (1988). Development of a college academic self-efficacy scale. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, New Orleans, LA.
Poyrazli, S., Arbona, C., Nora, A., McPherson, R., & Pisecco, S. (2002). Relation between assertiveness, academic self-efficacy, and psychosocial adjustment among international graduate students. Journal of College Student Development, 43(5), 632–642.
Quan, L., Zhen, R., Yao, B., & Zhou, X. (2014). The effects of loneliness and coping style on academic adjustment among college freshmen. Social Behavior and Personality, 42(6), 969-977.
Redwan, S. (2002). Mental health (1st ed.). Massira publishing.
Rienties, B., Beausaert, S., Grohnert, T., Niemantsverdriet, S., & Kommers, P. (2012). Understanding academic performance of international students: The role of ethnicity, academic and social integration. Higher Education, 63(6), 685-700.
Rinn, A., Boazman, J., Jackson, A., & Barrio, B. (2014). Locus of control, academic self-concept, and academic dishonesty among high ability college students. Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 14(4), 88-114.
Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 80(1), 1-28.
Sagone, E., & De Caroli, M. E. (2014). Locus of control and academic self-efficacy in university students: the effects of Self-concepts. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 114(21), 222-228.
Sanchez, B., Colon, Y., & Esparza, P. (2005). The role of sense of school belonging and gender in the academic adjustment of Latino adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(6), 619-628.
Sarhan, A. (1996). The relationship between locus of control and self-concept (Unpublished master's thesis). An-Najah National University.
Satici, S. A., & Can, G. (2016). Investigating Academic Self-Efficacy of University Students in Terms of Socio-Demographic Variables. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4(8), 1874-1880.
Schunk, D. H. (2003). Self-efficacy for reading and writing: Influence of modeling, goal setting, and self-evaluation. Reading &Writing Quarterly, 19(2), 159-172.
Shannon, L. M., & Begley, T. M. (2008). Antecedents of the four-factor model of cultural intelligence. In Ang, S. & Dyne. L. U. (Ed.), Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications (pp. 41-55). M. E. Sharpe
Sharf, R. (2000). Theory of psychotherapy and counseling: Concepts and cases. Wadswarth.
Shehrani, D. (2012). Cultural intelligence and quality of life among Saudi students in the United Kingdom (Published master's thesis). King AbdulAziz University
Shu, F., McAbee, S. T., & Ayman, R. (2017). The HEXACO personality traits, cultural intelligence, and international student adjustment. Personality and Individual Differences, 106, 21-25.
Thomas, D. C., Elron, E., Stahl, G., Ekelund, B. Z., Ravlin, E. C., Cerdin, J. L., Poelmans, S., Brislin, R., Pekerti, A., Aycan, Z., Maznevski, M., Au, K. & Lazarova, M. B. (2008). Cultural intelligence: Domain and assessment. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 8(2), 123-143.
Thomas, D. M., Love, K. M., Roan-Belle, C., Tyler, K. M., Brown, C. L., & Garriott, P. O. (2009). Self-efficacy, motivation, and academic adjustment among African American women attending institutions of higher education. The Journal of Negro Education, 78(2), 159-171.
Thompson, C. L., Kuah, A. T., Foong, R., & Ng, E. S. (2020). The development of emotional intelligence, self‐efficacy, and locus of control in master of Bbusiness administration students. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 31(1), 113-131.
Tinto, V. (1996). Reconstructing the first year of college. Planning for Higher Education, 25(1), 1-6.
Valka, S. (2015). Management of international students’ academic adjustment: challenges and solutions. European Scientific Journal, 3, 161-168.
Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., & Koh, C. (2009). Cultural intelligence: Measurement and scale development. In M. A. Moodian (Ed.), Contemporary leadership and intercultural competence: Exploring the cross-cultural dynamics within organizations (pp. 233–254). Sage Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452274942.n18
Ward, C., Wilson, J., & Fischer, R. (2011). Assessing the predictive validity of cultural intelligence over time. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(2), 138-142.
Weiner, B. (2013). Human motivation. Psychology Press.
Altunsoy, S., Çimen, O., Ekici, G., Atik, A. D., & Gökmen, A. (2010). An assessment of the factors that influence biology teacher candidates’ levels of academic self-efficacy. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 2377-2382.
Ang, S., & Van Dyne, L. (2009). Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications. ME Sharpe.
April, K. A., Dharani, B., & Peters, K. (2012). Impact of locus of control expectancy on level of well-being. Rev. Eur. Stud., 4, 124.
Assaid, M. (2001). The impact of a training program on students' academic competence on self-efficacy. The Egyptian Journal of Psychological Studies, 11(29), 151-200.
Aylas, M. (2017). Locus of control and its relationship with self-esteem and exam anxiety (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Belkaid Abou Bekr Tlemcen.
Baddareen, G. & Ghaith, S. (2013). Parenting styles, identity styles and academic adjustment as predictors of academic self-efficacy among Hashemite university students. Jordanian Journal of Educational Sciences, 1(9), 65-87.
Baker, R. W., & Siryk, B. (1999). SACQ student adaptation to college questionnaire (2nd ed.). Western Psychological Services.
Beni-Khaled, M. (2009). The Relationship between Locus of Control and the Level of Academic Achievement for the Students of Faculty of Education at Al –al-Bayt University. Islamic University Journal of Human Studies, 2(17), 491-512.
Betz, N. E. (2004). Contributions of self‐efficacy theory to career counseling: A personal perspective. The Career Development Quarterly, 52(4), 340-353.
Cazan, A. M. (2012). Self-regulated learning strategies–predictors of academic adjustment. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 33, 104-108.
Choudhury, A. C. & Borooah, I. P. (2017). Locus of Control and Academic Achievement of Undergraduate College Students of Guwahati City. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 6(4), 67-70.
Cort, K. (2007). Socialization and educational outcome (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Columbia University.
Dehmeche, A. (2015). Cultural intelligence and its relationship to quality of life among international students at Mohamed Boudiaf University (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Mohamed Boudiaf at M’Sila.
Drago, A., Rheinheimer, D. C., & Detweiler, T. N. (2018). Effects of locus of control, academic self-efficacy, and tutoring on academic performance. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 19(4), 433-451.
Earley, P. C., & Ang, S. (2003). Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures. Stanford University Press.
Elias, S. M., & Loomis, R. J. (2000). Using an academic self-efficacy scale to address university major persistence. Journal of College Student Development, 41(4), 450–454.
Harter, S. (1982). The perceived competence scale for children. Child Development, 53(1), 87-97.
Hartini, H., Yaakub, S., Abdul-Talib, A. N., & Saud, M. B. (2017). The effects of cultural intelligence on international students’ engagement. International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, 12(2), 18-25.
Hirose, E. I., Wada, S., & Watanabe, H. (1999). Effects of self‐efficacy on adjustment to college. Japanese Psychological Research, 41(3), 163-172.
Hu, S., Liu, H., & Gu, J. (2018). What role does self-efficacy play in developing cultural intelligence from social media usage? Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 28, 172-180.
Johnson, K. F. I. (2011). The influence of school connectedness and academic self-efficacy on self-reported norm related pro-social behavior (Doctoral dissertation). The Pennsylvania State University.
Kiang, L., Supple, A. J., Stein, G. L., & Gonzalez, L. M. (2012). Gendered academic adjustment among Asian American adolescents in an emerging immigrant community. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(3), 283-294.
Kyalo, P. M., & Chumba, R. J. (2011). Selected factors influencing social and academic adjustment of undergraduate students of Egerton University; Njoro Campus. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(18), 274-290.
McLean, P. & Ransom, L. (2005) Building intercultural competences: Implications for academic skills development. In Carroll, J. and Ryan, J. (Ed.), Teaching International Students: Improving Learning for all (1st ed., pp. 45-62). Routledge.
Miller, C. A., Fitch, T., & Marshall, J. L. (2003). Locus of control and at-risk youth: a comparison of regular education high school students and students in alternative schools. Education, 123(3), 548-551.
Naik, A. R. (2015). A study on locus of control among college students of Gulbarga City. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 2(4), 47-54.
Nguyen, A. M. D., Jefferies, J., & Rojas, B. (2018). Short term, big impact? Changes in self-efficacy and cultural intelligence, and the adjustment of multicultural and monocultural students abroad. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 66, 119-129.
Ogunmakin, A. O., & Akomolafe, M. J. (2013). Academic self-efficacy, locus of control and academic performance of secondary school students in Ondo State, Nigeria. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(11), 570-570.
Owen, S. V., & Froman, R. D. (1988). Development of a college academic self-efficacy scale. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, New Orleans, LA.
Poyrazli, S., Arbona, C., Nora, A., McPherson, R., & Pisecco, S. (2002). Relation between assertiveness, academic self-efficacy, and psychosocial adjustment among international graduate students. Journal of College Student Development, 43(5), 632–642.
Quan, L., Zhen, R., Yao, B., & Zhou, X. (2014). The effects of loneliness and coping style on academic adjustment among college freshmen. Social Behavior and Personality, 42(6), 969-977.
Redwan, S. (2002). Mental health (1st ed.). Massira publishing.
Rienties, B., Beausaert, S., Grohnert, T., Niemantsverdriet, S., & Kommers, P. (2012). Understanding academic performance of international students: The role of ethnicity, academic and social integration. Higher Education, 63(6), 685-700.
Rinn, A., Boazman, J., Jackson, A., & Barrio, B. (2014). Locus of control, academic self-concept, and academic dishonesty among high ability college students. Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 14(4), 88-114.
Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 80(1), 1-28.
Sagone, E., & De Caroli, M. E. (2014). Locus of control and academic self-efficacy in university students: the effects of Self-concepts. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 114(21), 222-228.
Sanchez, B., Colon, Y., & Esparza, P. (2005). The role of sense of school belonging and gender in the academic adjustment of Latino adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(6), 619-628.
Sarhan, A. (1996). The relationship between locus of control and self-concept (Unpublished master's thesis). An-Najah National University.
Satici, S. A., & Can, G. (2016). Investigating Academic Self-Efficacy of University Students in Terms of Socio-Demographic Variables. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4(8), 1874-1880.
Schunk, D. H. (2003). Self-efficacy for reading and writing: Influence of modeling, goal setting, and self-evaluation. Reading &Writing Quarterly, 19(2), 159-172.
Shannon, L. M., & Begley, T. M. (2008). Antecedents of the four-factor model of cultural intelligence. In Ang, S. & Dyne. L. U. (Ed.), Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications (pp. 41-55). M. E. Sharpe
Sharf, R. (2000). Theory of psychotherapy and counseling: Concepts and cases. Wadswarth.
Shehrani, D. (2012). Cultural intelligence and quality of life among Saudi students in the United Kingdom (Published master's thesis). King AbdulAziz University
Shu, F., McAbee, S. T., & Ayman, R. (2017). The HEXACO personality traits, cultural intelligence, and international student adjustment. Personality and Individual Differences, 106, 21-25.
Thomas, D. C., Elron, E., Stahl, G., Ekelund, B. Z., Ravlin, E. C., Cerdin, J. L., Poelmans, S., Brislin, R., Pekerti, A., Aycan, Z., Maznevski, M., Au, K. & Lazarova, M. B. (2008). Cultural intelligence: Domain and assessment. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 8(2), 123-143.
Thomas, D. M., Love, K. M., Roan-Belle, C., Tyler, K. M., Brown, C. L., & Garriott, P. O. (2009). Self-efficacy, motivation, and academic adjustment among African American women attending institutions of higher education. The Journal of Negro Education, 78(2), 159-171.
Thompson, C. L., Kuah, A. T., Foong, R., & Ng, E. S. (2020). The development of emotional intelligence, self‐efficacy, and locus of control in master of Bbusiness administration students. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 31(1), 113-131.
Tinto, V. (1996). Reconstructing the first year of college. Planning for Higher Education, 25(1), 1-6.
Valka, S. (2015). Management of international students’ academic adjustment: challenges and solutions. European Scientific Journal, 3, 161-168.
Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., & Koh, C. (2009). Cultural intelligence: Measurement and scale development. In M. A. Moodian (Ed.), Contemporary leadership and intercultural competence: Exploring the cross-cultural dynamics within organizations (pp. 233–254). Sage Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452274942.n18
Ward, C., Wilson, J., & Fischer, R. (2011). Assessing the predictive validity of cultural intelligence over time. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(2), 138-142.
Weiner, B. (2013). Human motivation. Psychology Press.
Published
2022-03-01
How to Cite
Gawas, A. G. A. (2022). THE EFFECT OF LOCUS OF CONTROL, CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE AND ACADEMIC SELF-EFFICACY ON THE ACADEMIC ADJUSTMENT AMONG YEMENI STUDENTS IN TURKEY. American International Journal of Social Science Research, 11(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.46281/aijssr.v11i1.1643
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Research Paper/Theoretical Paper/Review Paper/Short Communication Paper
Copyright (c) 2022 Ahmed Gamal Ahmed Gawas
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
