Poverty in Nigeria: A Social Protection Framework for the Most Vulnerable Groups of Internally Displaced Persons
Keywords:
Poverty, Social Protection Framework, Vulnerable Group, Internally Displaced Persons, Nigeria
Abstract
Despite strong economic growth in Nigeria, 54% of the population remains in poverty. Of significant concern is the fact that the poverty rate has doubled in the past 20 years. Internal displacement in Nigeria is a recurring and large-scale phenomenon and has affected most of the country’s 36 states. The country has seen many waves of displacement, both small and large scale, caused essentially by conflict, generalized violence, natural disasters and human rights violations all leading to loss of lives, properties and livelihood which in turn lead to deprivation, poverty and vulnerability. The operational definition of vulnerability in this paper as applied to the most vulnerable IDPs covers those categories of internally displaced persons who may never recover from the shocks of displacement and may become chronic poor as such worsening the poverty situation in Nigeria. This paper attempts a social protection framework for the most vulnerable IDPs as well as exit strategies. Protecting this vulnerable group is vital to poverty reduction especially as the country is presently suffering the adverse effects of dwindling revenue from crude oil and gas sectors, which today accounts for about 95 per cent of its revenue.
References
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Ajani, O. (2008).‘Gender Dimensions of Agriculture, Poverty, Nutrition and Food Security in Nigeria’.NSSP Background Paper 4. Washington, DC: IFPRI.
Alderman, H., and Bundy, D. (2012). School Feeding Programs and Development: Are we Framing the Question Correctly? The World Bank Research Observer, 27(2), 204-221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkr005
Arnold, C., Conway, T., and Greenslade, M. (2011). Cash Transfers Literature Review. London: Department for International Development.
Baird, S., Ferreira, F. H. G., Özler, B., and Woolcock, M. (2013).Relative Effectiveness of Conditional and Unconditional Cash Transfers for Schooling Outcomes in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review. Campbell Systematic Reviews 2013:8. The Campbell Collaboration.http://www.campbellcollaboration.org/lib/project/218/
Barrientos, A. (2010). Social Protection and Poverty (Social Policy and Development Programme Paper Number 42). Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.
Barrientos, A., and Niño-Zarazúa, M. (2011).Social Transfers and Chronic Poverty: Objectives, Design, Reach and Impact.Chronic Poverty Research Centre Report.http://www.chronicpoverty.org/uploads/publication_files/socialtransfersfullreport.pdf
Bhutta, Z. A., Das, J. K., Rizvi, A., Gaffey, M. F., Walker, N., Horton, S., Webb, P., Lartey, A., Black, R.E., Lancet Nutrition Interventions Review Group, & Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group (2013). Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost? The Lancet, 382(9890), 452-477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60996-4
Bundy, D., Burbano, C., Grosh, M., Gelli, A., Jukes, M., and Drake, L. (2009).. Rethinking School Feeding – Social Safety Nets, Child Development and the Education Sector. Rome: World Food Programme and World Bank. (Executive Summary).
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Devereux, S., and Sabates-Wheeler, R. (2004).Transformative Social Protection, IDS Working Paper 232, Brighton: IDS.
Devereux, S, Baulch, B., Macauslan, I., Phiri, A. and Sabates-Wheeler, R. (2006).Vulnerability and Social Protection in Malawi . Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex Brighton BN1 9RE UK. IDS Discussion Paper 387
Fiszbein, A., and Schady,N. (2009). Conditional cash transfers. Reducing present and future poverty Policy Research Report, World Bank.
Gavrilovic, M., Alder, H., Cali, M., Cullen, E., Harper, C., Jones, N., Samuels, F. and Niño-Zarazúa, M. (2011).‗The Impact of the Food, Financial and Fuel (3F) Crises on Women and Children in Nigeria‘. London: ODI
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Hagen-Zanker, J., McCord, A., and Holmes, R. (2011).Systematic Review of the impact of Employment Guarantee Schemes and Cash Transfers on the Poor.London: ODI. http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/7161.pdf
Harvey, P., Holmes, R., Slater, R., and Martin, E. (2007).‘Social Protection in Fragile States.’ Paper Prepared for OECD DAC Povnet. London: ODI.
Heitzmann, K., Canagarajah, R. S., and Siegel, P. B. (2002).Guidelines for Assessing the Sources of Risk and Vulnerability.Social Protection Discussion Paper Series. No. 0218, Social Protection Unit, Human Development Network, the World Bank.
Hoddinott, J., Gilligan, D., Hidrobo, M., Margolies, A., Roy, S., Sandström, S., Schwab, B., and Upton, J. (2013). Enhancing WFP’s Capacity and Experience to Design, Implement, Monitor, and Evaluate Vouchers and Cash Transfer Programmes: Study Summary. Washington, DC: IFPRI. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/project_summary_final_july2013.pdf
Holmes, R. and Akinrimisi, B. with Morgan, J. and Buck, R. (2012) ‘Social Protection in Nigeria: Mapping Programmes and Their Effectiveness’. Draft. London: ODI.
Garcia M, and Moore, C.M. 2012.The Cash Dividend: The Rise of Cash Transfer Programs in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington D.C: The World Bank.
Gentilini, U., Honorati, M., and Yemtsov, R. (2014).The State of Social Safety Nets 2014.World Bank Working Paper.
Gsdrc (n.d.).Types of social protection. http://www.gsdrc.org/topic-guides/social-protection/types-of-social-protection/
Ibrahim, J. (2014).Misery of Nigerian Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons. Premium Times.http://blogs.premiumtimesng.com/2014/12/22/misery-nigerian-refugees-internally-displaced-persons-jibrin-ibrahim/
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Manley, J., Gitter, S., and Slavchevska, V. (2012). How Effective are Cash Transfer Programmes at Improving Nutritional Status?A Rapid Evidence Assessment of Programmes’ Effects on Anthropometric Outcomes. London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London. http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/PDF/Outputs/SystematicReviews/Q33-Cash-transfers-2012Manley-rae.pdf
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National Planning Commission and ICF Macro (2009).Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2008: Key Findings. Abuja and Calverton, MD: NPC and ICF Macro.
National Health Insurance Scheme (2010) ‗NHIS-MDG/Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Project‘. Abuja: NHIS.
Nigeriabar (2015). Strategies for Adopting National Policy on IDPs .http://www.nigeriabar.com/2015/11/strategies-for-adopting-national-policy-on-idps#.Vx6cmtQrJdj
Norton, A., Conway, T., and Foster, M. (2000). ‘Social Protection Concepts and Approaches: Implications for Policy and Practice in International Development’, Working Paper 143, London: Centre for Aid and Public Expenditure, Overseas Development Institute (ODI)
Norton, A., Conway, T., Foster, M. (2001). Social Protection Concepts and Approaches: Implications for policy and practice in international development. Tech. rep., Centre for Aid and Public Expenditure, London, UK.
Ojowu, O., Bulus, H., and Omonona, B. (2007).‘Nigeria Poverty Assessment’.www.pak-nigeria.org/pdfs/24_Nigeria_Poverty_Assessment_2007_Table_of_Contents_Executi.pdf.
Ortiz, I. (ed.), 2001, Social Protection in Asia and the Pacific, Manila: Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Ortiz, I. and Cummins, M. (2011). ‘Global Inequality: Beyond the Bottom Billion. A Rapid Review of Income Distribution in 141 Countries’.Social and Economic Policy Working Paper. New York: UNICEF.
Oxford Dictionaries (n.d.).Vulnerability.https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/vulnerability.
Ruel, M. T., and Alderman, H. (2013). Nutrition-sensitive Interventions and Programmes: How Can They Help to Accelerate Progress in Improving Maternal and Child Nutrition? The Lancet, 382(9891), 536-551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60843-0
Social Watch (2005).‘The Many Programmes and the Many Poor’. www.socialwatch.org/node/10946.
Sterlacchini, S (2011).Vulnerability Assessment: Concepts, definitions and methods. Institute for the Dynamic of Environmental Processes. CHANGES-Workshop Meeting: Krakow, 22 September, 2011.
Training on the Protection of IDPs (n.d.). Who is an Internally Displaced Person? web.mnstate.edu/.../Who%20is%20an%20Internally%20Displaced%20Pe..
US Agency for International Development (2009). ‘HIV/AIDS in Nigeria: A USAID Brief’. Washington, DC: USAID.
UN Children’s Fund Nigeria (2006). ‘Information Sheet: Child Labour.’ Abuja: UNICEF.
UN Development Programme (2009). Human Development Report Nigeria 2008–2009: Achieving Growth with equity. Abuja: UNDP.
UN Development Programme (2010). Human Development Report. Geneva: UNDP.
UNICEF (2012).Integrated Social Protection Systems - Unicef.www.unicef.org/socialprotection/.../Full_Social_Protection_Strategic_Fra...
UNICEF (n.d.).Social Protection Strategic Framework ,Integrated Social Protection Systems: Enhancing Equity for Children.www.unicef.org/socialpolicy/.../UNICEF_Social_Protection_Strategic_Fr...
Van Ginneken, W. (ed.) (1999).Social Security for the Excluded Majority: Case Studies of
Developing Countries, Geneva: International Labour Office (ILO).
World Bank (1990).World Development Report 1990, Washington, D.C.: World Bank
World Bank (1997).Poverty Lines, Policy Research and Poverty and Social Policy Department World Bank, No. 6.Available athttp://www.worldbank.org/html/prdph/lsms/research/povline/pl_n06.pdf.
World Bank (2000).World Development Report 2000/2001, Washington, D.C.: World Bank
World Bank (2003).The World Bank and Social Protection in Latin America and the Caribbean.http://web.worldbank.org/archive/website00912B/WEB/OTHER/665B9E-2.HTM?Opendocument
Published
2018-01-28
How to Cite
Okon, E. O. (2018). Poverty in Nigeria: A Social Protection Framework for the Most Vulnerable Groups of Internally Displaced Persons. American International Journal of Social Science Research, 2(1), 66-80. https://doi.org/10.46281/aijssr.v2i1.169
Issue
Section
Research Paper/Theoretical Paper/Review Paper/Short Communication Paper
