GOVERNMENT ENTREPRENEURIAL INTERVENTIONS, INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS, AND GROWTH OF YOUTH-OWNED MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISES IN KIGALI CITY, RWANDA
Abstract
Micro and Small Enterprises have been approved as major performers in enhancing economic growth and quality of life by generating employment opportunities and profits in Rwanda. However, they have experienced several problems which diminish their growth. Those growth challenges can be improved by embracing strong entrepreneurial interventions. This research endeavored to investigate how government entrepreneurial interventions affect the growth of youth-owned MSEs in Kigali, in addition, it investigated the moderating effect of individual characteristics on the relationship between the government entrepreneurial interventions and the growth of youth-owned MSEs in Kigali City, Rwanda. The resource-based view and Gibb’s support theory were used. An explanatory research design was used in this research to determine the causal link between variables and establish the nature of the strength of the link. The study used a sample size of 154 MSEs selected from the target population of 252 youth-owned MSEs in Kigali, Rwanda. Data was collected using a questionnaire and analyzed using both descriptive and multiple regression analysis. The study noted that entrepreneurial training, access to credit, technology-based online social media, and market access have been effective government support in increasing the growth of MSEs in Kigali Rwanda. Moreover, the results indicated that individual characteristics positively affected the relationship between government entrepreneurial interventions and the growth of youth-owned MSEs in Kigali City, Rwanda. The study recommended that government should ease the requirements/conditions to be met by MSEs before accessing entrepreneurial interventions this will accelerate the growth of youth-owned SMEs in Rwanda.
JEL Classification Codes: H10, M13, B21.
References
Acquah, A., M. & Mansah I. (2021). Re-examining the causal relationships among FDI, economic growth, and financial sector development in Africa. International Review of Applied Economics, 35(1), 45-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2020.1822299
Adegbite, S. A., Ilori, M. O., Irefin, I. A., Abereijo, I. O., & Aderemi, H. O. S. (2007). Evaluation of the impact of entrepreneurial characteristics on the performance of small-scale manufacturing industries in Nigeria. Journal of Asia Entrepreneurship and sustainability, 3(1), 1.
Al-Ansari, Y., Pervan, S., & Xu, J. (2013). Innovation and business performance of SMEs: the case of Dubai. Education, Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues, 6(3), 162-180. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBS-04-2013-0012
Aldrich, H. (1999). Organizations evolving. Sage.
Alene, E. T. (2020). Determinants that influence the performance of women entrepreneurs in micro and small enterprises in Ethiopia. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 9(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-020-00132-6
Ali, S., Bilal, H., Ahmad, A., & Hussain, J. (2020). Major Barriers to Manufacturing SMEs Growth and Survival: Evidence from Emerging Economy Pakistan. Review of Economics and Development Studies, 6(4), 845-856. https://doi.org/10.47067/reads.v6i4.284
Alvarez, S. A., & Busenitz, L. W. (2001). The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory. Journal of Management, 27(6), 755-775. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630102700609
Amarteifio, E. N. A., & Agbeblewu, S. (2017). Level of education, business experience, and small and medium enterprise performance in the Accra Metropolis of Ghana. International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Research, 5(9), 1460-1466.
Amha, W. (2015). Growth of youth-owned MSEs in Ethiopia: Characteristics, determinants and challenges. Ethiopian Journal of Economics, 24(2), 93-128. Retrieved from https://www.ajol.info/index.php/eje/article/view/146630
Andaregie, A., Worku, A., Getachew, B., Fentahun, Y., & Astatkie, T. (2022). Determinants of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) growth in northwest Ethiopia. Development in Practice, 32(1), 39-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2020.1866497
Antoine, G., Mikeka, C., Bajpai, G., & Jayavel, K. (2021). Speed management strategy: designing an IoT-based electric vehicle speed control monitoring system. Sensors, 21(19), 6670-6684. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21196670
Anyanwu, J. C. (2013). Characteristics and macroeconomic determinants of youth employment in Africa. African Development Review, 25(2), 107-129. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8268.2013.12019
Appel, G., Grewal, L., Hadi, R., & Stephen, A. T. (2020). The future of social media in marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 48(1), 79-95. Retrieved from https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0bed4404-29ff-4077-adc4-9ee3e41d9179
Ardjouman, D. (2014). Factors influencing small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in adoption and use of technology in Cote D'ivoire. International Journal of Business and Management, 9(8), 179-197. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v9n8p179
Autio, E., Sapienza, H. J., & Almeida, J. G. (2000). Effects of age at entry, knowledge intensity, and imitability on international growth. Academy of management journal, 4(5), 909-924. https://doi.org/10.5465/1556419
Barney, J. B. (2001). Resource-based theories of competitive advantage: A ten-year retrospective on the resource-based view. Journal of Management, 27(6), 643-650. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630102700602
Blimpo, M. P., & Pugatch, T. (2019). Entrepreneurship education and teacher training in Rwanda. Journal of Development Economics, 149, 186-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102583
Brem, A., & Wolfram, P. (2014). Research and development from the bottom up-introduction of terminologies for new product development in emerging markets. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 3(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1186/2192-5372-3-9
Chigunta, F. (2001). Understanding exclusion and creating value: A look at youth livelihoods in informal urban settlements in Zambia; study report II. Youth livelihoods and enterprise activities in Zambia.
Daellenbach, U. S., McCarthy, A. M., & Schoenecker, T. S. (1999). Commitment to innovation: The impact of top management team characteristics. R&d Management, 29(3), 199-208. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00130
Daksa, M. D., Yismaw, M. A., Lemessa, S. D., & Hundie, S. K. (2018). Enterprise innovation in developing countries: evidence from Ethiopia. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 7(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/ 10.1108/APJIE-03-2022-0015
De Mel, S., McKenzie, D., & Woodruff, C. (2014). Business training and female enterprise start-up, growth, and dynamics: Experimental evidence from Sri Lanka. Journal of Development Economics, 10(6), 199-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.09.005
Dearing, J. W., & Cox, J. G. (2018). Diffusion of innovations theory, principles, and practice. Health Affairs, 37(2), 183-190. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.1104
DeGobbi, M. S. (2014). Making youth entrepreneurship work in Sub-Saharan Africa: some factors of success. Open Journal of Business and Management, 2(4), 305. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2014.24036
Dethier, J.J., & Effenberg, A. (2012). Agriculture and development: A brief review of the literature. Economic System. 36(2), 175-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2011.09.003
Dixon, S., Meyer, K., & Day, M. (2014). Building dynamic capabilities of adaptation and innovation: A study of micro-foundations in a transition economy. Long Range Planning, 47(4), 186-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2013.08.011
Donaldson, D., & Hornbeck, R. (2016). Railroads and American economic growth: A “market access” approach. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(2), 799-858. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjw002
Donner, J., & Escobari, M. X. (2010). A review of evidence on mobile use by micro and small enterprises in developing countries. Journal of International Development, 22(5), 641-658. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.1717
Ernest, N. (2018). The role of bookkeeping on the survival of very small businesses in the Kumba municipality. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management, and Science, 4(10), 252-265. https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaems.4.10.1
Evans, D. S. (1987). The relationship between firm growth, size, and age: Estimates for 100 manufacturing industries. The journal of industrial economics, 35(4), 567-581. https://doi.org/10.2307/2098588
Fatoki, O., & Asah, F. (2011). The impact of firm and entrepreneurial characteristics on access to debt finance by SMEs in King Williams' town, South Africa. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(8), 170-179. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v6n8p170
Feleke, S. A., Mulatu, M. A., & Yesmaw, Y. S. (2015). Medication administration error: magnitude and associated factors among nurses in Ethiopia. BMC nursing, 14(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajnr-8-3-10
Garcia, F. T., ten Caten, C. S., de Campos, E. A. R., Callegaro, A. M., & de Jesus Pacheco, D. A. (2022). Mortality Risk Factors in Micro and Small Businesses: Systematic Literature Review and Research Agenda. Sustainability, 14(5), 2725. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052725
Geleta, N., & Talegeta, S. (2019). Determinants of micro and small enterprises growth in selected towns of West Shoa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. International Journal of Small and Medium Enterprises, 2(2), 20-32. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijsmes.v2i2.413
Gibb, A. (1988), Stimulating entrepreneurship and new business development. Geneva.
Gibb, A. (1989). A workshop approach for stimulating new enterprise development, Working paper series. Durban, England: Durban University Business School.
Gupta, P. D., Guha, S., & Krishnaswami, S. S. (2013). Firm growth and its determinants. Journal of innovation and entrepreneurship, 2(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/2192-5372-2-15
Haider, S. H., Asad, M., & Fatima, M. (2017). Entrepreneurial orientation and business performance of manufacturing sector small and medium scale enterprises of Punjab Pakistan. European Business and Management, 3(2), 21-28. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ebm.20170302.12
Handayani, S. F., & Mahendrawathi, E. R. (2019). Antecedent and business process management non-technical capabilities in social media implementation for micro, small and medium enterprises: A conceptual model. Procedia computer science, 161, 1114-1121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.11.223
Hessels, J., & vanStel, A. (2011). Entrepreneurship, export orientation, and economic growth. Small business economics, 37(2), 255-268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-009-9233-3
Jamaluddin, F. A. A., Nasir, N. S. M., & Ishak, M. S. I. (2022). Cash Waqf-Based Crowdfunding Model for Empowering Single Mother Entrepreneurs in Malaysia. The Journal of Management Theory and Practice (JMTP), 3(2), 98-104. https://doi.org/10.37231/jmtp.2022.3.2.247
Jones, G. R & Hill C. W. L, (2009). Strategic management: An integrated approach. Boston, NY: Houghton Mifflin. Hitt MA, Ireland RD, Hoskisson RE (2007). Strategic management: competitiveness and globalization Mason, US: Thomson SouthWestern
Kar, B., & Ahmed, Y., A. (2019). Gender differences of entrepreneurial challenges in Ethiopia. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 25(2), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1177/0970846419852497
Karadag, H. (2017). The impact of industry, firm age and education level on financial management performance in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs): Evidence from Turkey. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 9(3), 300-314. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-09-2016-0037
Kim, Y., & Vonortas, N. S. (2014). Managing risk in the formative years: Evidence from young enterprises in Europe. Technovation, 34(8), 454-465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2014.05.004
Kithae, P. P., Kimani, J. G. T., & Mburia, N. (2013). Hindrances to the growth of youth-led micro and small agri-businesses in Kenya. American Journal of Research Communication, 1(12), 339-352. https://doi.org/10.32602/jafas.2021.023
Kiveu, M. N., Namusonge, M., & Muathe, S. (2019). Effect of innovation on firm competitiveness: the case of manufacturing SMEs in Nairobi County, Kenya. International Journal of Business Innovation and Research, 18(3), 307-327. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBIR.2019.098251
Koellinger, P. (2008). The relationship between technology, innovation, and firm performance Empirical evidence from e-business in Europe. Research Policy, 37(8), 1317-1328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.04.024
Kolakovic, M., Turuk, M., & Turcic, I. (2019). Access to Finance–Experiences of SMEs in Croatia. Zagreb International Review of Economics & Business, 22(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.2478/zireb-2019-0001
Lussier, R. N., & Pfeifer, S. (2001). A crossnational prediction model for business success. Journal of small business management, 39(3), 228-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/0447-2778.00021
Malthouse, E. C., Haenlein, M., Skiera, B., Wege, E., & Zhang, M. (2013). Managing customer relationships in the social media era: Introducing the social CRM house. Journal of interactive marketing, 27(4), 270-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2013.09.008
Mamo Gebretsadik, D. (2022). An Exploration of Change Leadership at Public Higher Education Institutions in Ethiopia. SAGE Open, 12(2), 215-234. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221091256
Mano, Y., Iddrisu, A., Yoshino, Y., & Sonobe, T. (2012). How can micro and small enterprises in Sub-Saharan Africa become more productive? The impacts of experimental basic managerial training. World Development, 40(3), 458-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.09.013
Mashapure, R., Nyagadza, B., Chikazhe, L., Msipa, N., Ngorora, G. K. P., & Gwiza, A. (2022). Challenges hindering women entrepreneurship sustainability in rural livelihoods: Case of Manicaland province. Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1), 2132675. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2132675
Mburu, P., & Njoroge, S. (2018). Contribution of Entrepreneurial Education and Training to Performance of Small Enterprises Run by Women in Kenya. Developing Country Studies, 8(2), 116-123.
Merung, J. A., Darmawan, D. P., Windia, W., & Astiti, N. W. S. (2019). Empowerment of Youth Agribusiness Entrepreneurs Using Social Capital Based Business Models Canvas in North Sulawesi. Modern Economy, 10(2), 347-358. https://doi.org/10.4236/me.2019.102023
Mohamed, N. A. (2017). The Influence of Entrepreneurship Training and Financial Grant on Youth-Owned Enterprises in Somalia. Retrieved from http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream
Motameni, R., & Nordstrom, R. (2014). Correlating the social media functionalities to marketing goals and strategies. International journal of trends in marketing management, 6(2), 58-68. https://doi.org/10.15640/jmm.v2n3-4a3
Mourtada, R., & Alkhatib, F. (2014). UAE social media outlook: Increasing connectivity between government and citizens. United Arab Emirates: Dubai Press Club/Mohammed bin Rashid School of Government. Consultado 9(22). https://doi.org/10.4000/rccs.8052
Mpakaniye, D., & Paul, J. (2017). The Role of Business Development Funds (BDF) in Creating Employment for the Youth in Rwanda. The Role of Business Development Funds (BDF) in Creating Employment for the Youth in Rwanda 5(13), 23-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3052139
Muathe, S. M., Wawire, N. W., & Ofafa, G. A., (2013). An Empirical Study on the Relationship Between Organizational Factors and Adoption of ICT among Health Related SMEs in Nairobi, Kenya, International Journal of Arts and Commerce, 2(3),1-16. Retrieved from http://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/7717
Muathe, S. M. A. (2010). The Determinants of Adoption of Information and Communication Technology by Small and Medium Enterprises within the Health Sector in Nairobi, Kenya. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Kenyatta University. https://doi.org/10.12691/jbms-7-2-4
Muathe, S. M. A., & Muraguri-Makau, C. W. (2020). Entrepreneurial Spirit: Acceptance and Adoption of E-Commerce in the Health Sector in Kenya. International Journal of Business, Economics and Management Works, 7(8), 8-14. https://doi.org/10.55677/ijssers/V02I10Y2022-04
Muchiri, D. K., Shukla, J., & Kibachia, J. (2017). Effect of choice of credit facilities on the financial performance of small and medium enterprises in Rwanda. A case of SMEs registered with the private sector federation of Rwanda. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 6(6), 97-111. Retrieved from http://erepository.mkuit.ac.rw/bitstream
Muthoni, M. P. (2016). Assessing Borrower's and Business' Factors Causing Microcredit Default in Kenya: A Comparative Analysis of Microfinance Institutions and Financial Intermediaries. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(12), 97-118. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1099561.pdf
Nanteleza, N., N. (2021). Assessing the effects of sports gambling among the youths in Blantyre City of Southern Malawi. International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 13(4), 111-122. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJSA2021.0921
North, D., & Smallbone, D. (1996). Small business development in remote rural areas: the example of mature manufacturing firms in Northern England. Journal of Rural Studies, 12(2), 151-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(96)00009-5
Oliveira, T., & Martins, F., (2011). Literature Review of information technology adoption models at the firm Level. The Electronic Journal Information Systems Evaluation, 1(14) 110- 121.
Ovat, O. O. (2016). Commercial banks’ credit and the growth of small and medium scale enterprises: The Nigerian experience. Journal of Economics and Finance, 7(6), 23-30. https://doi.org/10.9790/5933-0706042330
Owolabi, S. A., & Obida, S. S. (2012). Liquidity management and corporate profitability: Case study of selected manufacturing companies listed on the Nigerian stock exchange. Business Management Dynamics, 2(2), 10-25. Retrieved from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Liquidity-Management-and-Corporate-Profitability%3A-Small/87423fdd72c1275c7caea1d50c830209909226c5
Pandya, V. M. (2012). Comparative analysis of the development of SMEs in developed and developing countries. In the 2012 International Conference on Business and Management, 6(7), 1-20. https://www.coursehero.com/file/137626888/Comparative-analysis-of-development-of-SMEs-in-devpdf/
Parveen, F., Jaafar, N. I., & Ainin, S. (2015). Social media usage and organizational performance: Reflections of Malaysian social media managers. Telematics and informatics, 3(1), 67-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2014.03.001
Penrose, E. (1959). A Resource-Based View of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5, 171-180. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2486175
Rahi, S. (2017). Research design and methods: A systematic review of research paradigms, sampling issues, and instruments development. International Journal of Economics & Management Sciences, 6(2), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.4172/2162-6359.1000403
Rajan, R. G., & Zingales, L. (2001). Financial systems, industrial structure, and growth. Oxford review of economic Policy, 17(4), 467-482. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/17.4.467
Ramasobana, M., Fatoki, O., & Oni, O. (2017). Entrepreneurs’ characteristics and marketing communication practices of SMEs in South Africa. Gender and Behaviour, 15(3), 9350-9371. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC-c382b18b1
Rapp, A., Beitelspacher, L. S., Grewal, D., & Hughes, D. E. (2013). Understanding social media effects across seller, retailer, and consumer interactions. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 41(5), 547-566.
Rogers, C. R. (1962). The interpersonal relationship: The core of guidance. Harvard educational review. Retrieved from https://www.sensepublishers.com/
Rogers, E. M. (1995). Lessons for guidelines from the diffusion of innovations. The Joint Commission journal on quality improvement, 21(7), 324-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1070-3241(16)30155-9
Ryan, B., & Gross, N. C. (1943). The diffusion of hybrid seed corn in two Iowa communities. Rural sociology. 8(1), 15. Retrieved from https://dr.lib.iastate.edu/handle/20.500.12876/62692
Salim, I. M., & Sulaiman, M. (2011). Organizational learning, innovation, and performance: A study of Malaysian small and medium-sized enterprises. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(12), 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v6n12p118
Sarabadani, J., Jafarzadeh, H., & ShamiZanjani, M. (2017). Towards Understanding the Determinants of Employees' E-Learning Adoption in Workplace: A Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) View. International Journal of Enterprise Information Systems (IJEIS), 13(1), 38-49. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.4018/IJEIS.2017010103
Schumpeter, J. (1942). Creative destruction. Capitalism, socialism, and democracy, 825, 82-85.
Seelos, C., & Mair, J. (2007). Profitable business models and market creation in the context of deep poverty: A strategic view. Academy of management perspectives, 21(4), 49-63. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2007.27895339
Semegn, A. A., & Bishnoi, N. K. (2021). Analysis of the effect of microfinance on the performance of MSEs in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 30(1), 153-178. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971355720974822
Simpeh, E. K. (2012). An analysis of the causes and impact of rework in construction projects (Doctoral dissertation, Cape Peninsula University of Technology). Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/148364953.pdf
Sok, P., O'Cass, A., & Sok, K. M. (2013). Achieving superior SME performance: Overarching role of marketing, innovation, and learning capabilities. Australasian Marketing Journal, 21(3), 161-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2013.04.001
Sylvie, G., & Schmitz Weiss, A. (2012). Putting the management into innovation & media management studies: A meta-analysis. International Journal on Media Management, 14(3), 183-206. https://doi.org/10.1080/14241277.2011.633584
Taperashi, G., Esmaeli, M. R., & Amirtash, A. (2018). Investigating the Relationship between Entrepreneurial Characteristics of Managers and Performance in Sports Clubs. Journal of Sport Management, 9(4), 777-792.
Teece, D. J. (1992). Competition, cooperation, and innovation: Organizational arrangements for regimes of rapid technological progress. Journal of economic behavior & organization, 18(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2681(92)90050-L
Thompson, J. L., (2004). The Facets of the entrepreneur: Identifying Entrepreneurial Potential. Management decision, 42 (2), 243 -258. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740410515861
Trainor, K. J., Andzulis, J. M., Rapp, A., & Agnihotri, R. (2014). Social media technology usage and customer relationship performance: A capabilities-based examination of social CRM. Journal of business research, 67(6), 1201-1208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.05.002
Truong, Y., & Simmons, G. (2010). Perceived intrusiveness in digital advertising: strategic marketing implications. Journal of strategic marketing, 18(3), 239-256. https://doi.org/10.1080/09652540903511308.
Tuten, T., & Marks, M. (2012). The adoption of social media as educational technology among marketing educators. Marketing Education Review, 22(3), 201-214. https://doi.org/10.2753/MER1052-8008220301.
Ugwu-oju, O. M., Onodugo, A. V., & Mbah, C. P. (2020). Appraisal of government funding schemes on the development of small and medium enterprises in Nigeria: a study of Enugu state. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management, and Sustainable Development, 16(3), 165-179. https://doi.org/10.1108/WJEMSD-08-2019-0067
Umutoni R. S. (2018). The effect of entrepreneurial capacity on the SMEs growth in Kigali city–a case study of Gasabo district (Doctoral dissertation, University of Rwanda).
UNCTAD. (2016). World investment report 2016. Investor nationality: Policy challenges. Geneva: United Nations Publications. Retrieved from http://unctad.org/en/Publications Library/wir2016_en.pdf.
Uwitonze, M. (2016). Small and medium enterprises and job creation in Rwanda (Doctoral thesis, University of Rwanda). Retrieved from http://dr.ur.ac.rw/bitstream/handle/123456789/84/UWITONZE%20Marc.pdf?
Vij, D., & James, D. L. (2014). A study on changing trends in social media and its impact globally. International Journal of Entrepreneurship & Business Environment Perspectives, 3(1), 848-853. https://doi.org/ 10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.13.1005
Voda, A. I., & Florea, N. (2019). Impact of personality traits and entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intentions of business and engineering students. Sustainability, 11(4), 1192-1213. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11041192
Wang, Z., & Kim, H. G. (2017). Can social media marketing improve customer relationship capabilities and firm performance? Dynamic capability perspective. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 39(1), 15-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2017.02.004
Whisman, M. A., & McClelland, G. H. (2005). Designing, testing, and interpreting interactions and moderator effects in family research. Journal of family psychology, 19(1), 111. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0893-3200.19.1.111.
Winer, R. S. (2009). New communications approach in marketing: Issues and research directions. Journal of interactive marketing, 23(2), 108-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2009.02.004.
World Bank Group. (2014). Doing business 2015: Going beyond efficiency: comparing business regulations for domestic firms in 189 economies: A World Bank Group Flagship Report. World Bank Publications. Retrieved from https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/10.1596/978-1-4648-0351-2
Xiang, Z., & Gretzel, U. (2010). Role of social media in online travel information search. Tourism Management, 31(2), 179-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.02.016.
Yamane, T. (1967). Statistics: An Introduction analysis. (2nd Ed.), New York: Harper and Row
Copyright (c) 2022 Benjamin Niyonsaba, Stephen Makau Muathe, Mary Jabeya Namusonge
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.