Factors Influencing Examination Cheating Behaviors by Consumers of Post-Primary Education in Enugu, Nigeria
Abstract
This study evaluates the factors influencing examination cheating behaviors by consumers of post-primary education in Enugu, Nigeria. The study objectives were to; determine whether the gender of consumers of post-primary education has a significant influence on the incidence of examination cheating behaviors in post-primary schools in Enugu, Nigeria, and; ascertain the significant causes of examination cheating behaviors among consumers of post-primary education in Enugu, Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive research design. Examiners of external and internal examinations in post-primary schools in Enugu, Nigeria were the target population for the study. A sample size of 246 was chosen from this population. A structured questionnaire was the instrument for data collection, while the t-test was used for the hypotheses tests at 5% level of significance. The hypotheses tests revealed that; gender of consumers of post-primary education has no significant influence on the incidence of examination cheating behaviours in post-primary primary schools in Enugu, Nigeria and; inadequate preparation, environmental influence and poor infrastructure in schools are the significant causes of examination cheating behaviors among consumers of post-primary education in Enugu, Nigeria. Following the findings, the study concludes that though male consumers of educational services have a higher tendency of engaging in examination cheating behaviors than female consumers of educational services in Enugu, Nigeria. This influence of gender has been shown to be insignificant. Also, examination cheating behaviors among consumers of educational services in Enugu, Nigeria are caused by a combination of personal attributes of the consumers and group/societal influences.
References
Adeyemi, T. O. (2010). Examination Malpractices Among Secondary School Students in Ondo State, Nigeria: Perceived Causes and Possible Solutions. Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, 2 (3), 48-55.
Aghenta, J.A. (2000). Educational Planning in the 21st Century in Educational Planning and Administration in Nigeria in the 21st Century, J.O. Fadipe & E.E. Oluchukwu (eds.) A Publication of the National Institute for Educational Planning and Administration (NIEPA).
Aminu, J. (2006). Examination Malpractice in Nigeria: Roots, Sustenance, Endemicity, Dangers and Assailant. Keynote Address Delivered in a Two-Day Summit on Examination Malpractice in Nigeria Organized by the House of Representatives Committee on Education Held at the Shehu Musa Yar’ Adua Centre, Abuja, August 15-16.
Athanasou, J.A, & Olasehinde, O. (2002). Male and Female Differences in Self-report Cheating. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 8 (5). URL:Http://PAREonline.net/getvn.asp?v=8&n=5.
Ayua, I. A. (2006). Confronting Legal Issues in Examination Malpractice: the Law, Prosecution and Judicial Processes. Speech Delivered at a Two-Day Summit on Examination Malpractice in Nigeria Organized by the House of Representatives Committee on Education Held at the Shehu Musa Yar’ Adua Centre, Abuja, August 15-16.
Azare, G. D. (2006) Accountability in TeachingLearning Environment and Examination Malpractices. A Paper Presented at a Two-Day Summit on Examination Malpractice in Nigeria Organized by the House of Representatives Committee on Education Held at the Shehu Musa Yar’ Adua Centre, Abuja, August 15-16.
Badejo, A. O. & Gandonu, M.B. (2010). Predisposing Factors Towards Examination Malpractice Among Students in Lagos Universities: Implications for Counseling. Edo Journal of Counseling, 3(2), 197-209.
Badmus, G. A. (2006). Accountability in TeachingLearning Environment and Examination Malpractices. A Paper Presented at a Two-Day Summit on Examination Malpractice in Nigeria Organized by the House of Representatives Committee on Education Held at the Shehu Musa Yar’ Adua Centre, Abuja, August 15-16.
Bandura, A. (1991a). Social Cognitive Theory of Self-Regulation. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 50, 248-287.
Bandura, A. (1991b). Social Cognitive Theory of Moral Thought and Action. In W.M. Kurtines & J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of Moral Behaviour and Development, 1, 45-103 Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Berger, P.D., Bolton, R.N., Bowman, D., Briggs, E., Kumar, V., Parasuraman, A., & Terry, C. (2002). Marketing actions and the value of customer assets: A framework for customer asset management. Journal of Service Research, 5 (1),39-54.
Bowers, W. J. (1984). Student Dishonesty and its Control in College. Bureau of Applied Social Research, Colombia University, NewYork.
Bruno, U.D.O. & Obidigbo, G.C.E (2012). The Counseling Implications of Examination Malpractice Among University Undergraduates. Research Journal in Organizational Psychology and Educational Studies, 1 (3), 199-202.
Centre for Academic Integrity. (2005). C.A.I. URL:Http://www.academicintegrity.org
Cornelius-Ukpepi, B.U., Ndifon, R.A. & Enukoha, O.I. (2012). Correlates of Examination Malpractice and Academic Performance of Primary School Students in Cross River State, Nigeria. American Journal of Social Issues and Humanities, 2(6), 398-405.
Craven, D. W., & Piercy, N.F. (2013). Strategic Marketing, 10th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill,
Cromwell S. (2000). What Can We Do To Curb Students’ Cheating? Education World. URL:Http://www.educationworld.com/a_admin/admin144.shtml.
FGN (2004). National Policy on Education, Lagos, Federal Ministry of Education, 7: 20-29.
Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999). Examination Malpractice Act. Lagos: Government Press.
Gibbs, J.P. (1975). Crime, Punishment and Deterrence, Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Good, T. L., Nichols, S. L., & Sabers, D. L. (1999). Understanding Youths Commitment to Schools and Toward a more differentiated View. Social Psychology of Education, 3, 1-39.
Gottfredson, M.R. & Hirschi, T. (1990). A General Theory of Crime, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Gross J. (2003). Exposing the Cheat Sheet, with the Students’ Aid. The New York Times, November 26, 2003.URL: http://www.eci-whoswho.com/highschool/anualsurveys/29.shtm.
Glasner J. (2002). Where Cheaters Often Prosper. Wired News. August 26, 2002 (Retrieved online November 19, 2002, Retrieved from http://www.wired.com/news/school/0,1383,54571,00htm.
Hill, K. T. (1972). Anxiety in the Evaluative Content. In W. Hartrup (Ed.), The Young Child, (Vol.2: 37-40). Washington, D.C: National Association for the Education of the Young Children.
Hurwitz, N. & Hurwitz, S. (2004). Words on Paper. American School Board Journal, 191(3), 16-20.
Hyde, J.S. & Linn, M.C. (1988). Gender Difference in Verbal Ability. A Meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 104, 53-69.
Ige, J.A. (2002). Examination Malpractices in Schools, Paper Presented at the Senior Staff Seminar, Ministry of Education, Ekiti, Nigeria, March, 2-9.
Ivowi, U. M. 0. (1997). Examination Malpractices: Profile, Causes, Warning Signs, Case Studies, Prevention and Detection Strategies in Onyechere, I. (Ed.). Promoting Examination Ethics: the Challenges of a Collective Responsibility, Lagos: Potomac Books.
Jega, A. M. (2006). Examination Malpractice: Concept, Causes, Consequences and Remedies. Education for Today, 6(2), 59-72.
Joshua, M. T. (2008a). Examination Malpractice: The Monster in Our Midst. Paper presented at Intervention Workshop for Teachers of English Language, Mathematics and Science Subjects in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, September- November.
Joshua M. T. (2008b). Intervention Strategies in Curbing Examination Malpractice in Schools: The Role of Government and Teachers. Paper Presented at Stakeholders Forum on Examination Malpractice, Organized by Cross River State Ministry of Education, Calabar, Nigeria, December, 16.
Kleiner, C. (1999). The Cheating Game. US News and World Report 22. URL:Http://search.e[net.com.
Kotler, P., & Armstrong, G. (2014). Principles of marketing (15th global edition). New Jersey: Pearson.
Kotler, P., & Keller, K.L. (2012). Marketing management (14th ed.). London: Pearson Education Limited.
Murdock, T. B., Hale, N. M., & Webber M. J. (2001). Predictors of Cheating among Early Adolescents: Academic and Social Motivations. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 26(1): 96-115.
McCabe, D. L., & Trevino L. K. (1993). Academic Dishonesty: Honour Codes and Other Contextual influence. Journal of Higher Education, 64, 522-538.
McCabe, D. L., & Trevino L. K. (1999). Individual and Contextual Influences on Academic Dishonesty: A Multi-campus Investigation. Research in Higher Education, 38(3), 379-396.
Minnesota State University (2006). Academic Dishonesty Article. Retrieved URL:Http://www.musu.edu/cetl/teachingresources/articles/acae micdishonesty.html.
Newberger, E. H. (2003). The Men They Will Become: The Nature and Nurture of Male Character. URL:http://www.elinewberger.com.
Nsekpong, E. U. (1986). Factors that Affect Student’s Tendency to Cheat in Examination. Unpublished M. Ed Thesis, University of Calabar.
Nwadiani, M. (2005). Curbing Examination Malpractice in the Nigerian Educational System. A lead Paper presented at the First Annual Conference of the Faculty of Education, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, November 10-12.
Obidigbo, G.C.E. (2011). The Connection Between-Exam Malpractice and Exam Anxiety, Paper Delivered to Enugu Psychological Consortium Forum, Held at Enugu, August, 17.
Obo, F.E. (2008). Education Stakeholders Attitudes Towards Examination Malpractice and Their Preferred Intervention Strategies in Cross River State Secondary School System, Nigeria. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Calabar, Nigeria.
Ogunwuyi, J.A. (2005). Strategies for Coping with Indiscipline in Secondary Schools, Paper Presented at the All Nigeria Conference of Principals of Secondary Schools (ANCCOPSS) at the Mandatory Continuing Professional Training Workshop at Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria from March 15-16:2-12.
Okafor, F. C. (2006). Confronting Environmental Issues in Examination Malpractice: Societal and Professional Support. A Paper Presented at a Two-Day Summit on Examination Malpractice in Nigeria Organized by the House of Representatives Committee on Education Held at the Shehu Musa Yar’ Adua Centre, Abuja, August 15-16.
Olagboye, A.A.(2004). Introduction to Educational Management in Nigeria. Ibadan, Nigeria: Daily Graphics(Nig.) Limited.
Olatoye, R. A. (2006). Checking the Menace of Examination Malpractice in Nigeria. URL:Http://www.naere.org/journal/volums/nco.1.
Owuamanam, D.O (2005). Ethics and Professionalism in Academics. Paper Presented at the Faculty of Education Seminar, University of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria on 16th May, 2-7.
Ossai, M.C. (2011). Study Habit Predicts Examination Behaviour: An Imperative for Enhancing Quality of College Guidance and Counselling. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 2, 22-28.
Ravenscroft, S.P. & Buckless, F.A. (1992). Cooperative Learning: Who Gains and Who Loses? Collected Abstracts of the American Accounting Association’s Annual Meeting, August: 183.
Tang, S. & Zuo, J.(1997). Profile of College Examination Cheaters. College Students’ Journal, 31(3), 340-437.
Tibbetts, S.G. (1997). Gender Differences in Students’ Rational Decisions to Cheat. Deviant Behavior, 18(4): 393-414.
Vitro, F. J. (1972). The Effect of Probability of Test Success, Test Importance, and Risk of Detection on the Incidence of Cheating. Journal of Educational Psychology, 10(4), 188-194.
West African Examination Council (2000-2010). Annual Statistical Report of Examination Malpractice.
Whitley, B.E.(2001). Gender Differences in Affective Responses to Having Cheated: The Mediating Role of Attitudes. Ethics and Behaviour, 11(3): 249-259.
Whitley, B. E., & Keith-Spiegel, P. (2002). Academic Dishonesty: An Educator’s Guide. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers.
Copyright (c) 2019 Ifediora Raluchukwu Ifeoma,Ifediora Chuka Uzoma ,Ugwuanyi Chidera Christian
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.